Phylacteries (Tefillin) found in Wadi Murabba'at containing passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy.

This ancient manuscript is a tefillin (phylactery) slip, preserving Deuteronomy 11:4–8 on the front (recto) and Exodus 13:4–9 on the back (verso). It is an opisthograph, meaning it has writing on both sides of the parchment, and provides some of the earliest physical evidence of Jewish ritual prayer practices.

An ancient Hebrew phylactery (tefillin) manuscript containing passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy written on a small leather strip. It is one of the oldest surviving physical tefillin in the world and is written on both sides (opisthographic) with the back text oriented perpendicularly to the front to maximize space.

An ancient Hebrew tefillin (phylactery) slip discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, containing biblical passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy. Written on parchment during the Hellenistic-Roman period, it is an important historical witness to early Jewish worship and liturgical practices during the Second Temple period.

An ancient tefillin (phylactery) scroll preserving verses from Deuteronomy 11. It is written as an opisthograph, meaning text was inscribed on both the front and back of the parchment slip to fit inside a small leather case.

A Herodian period mezuzah discovered in Cave 8 at Qumran, containing verses from Deuteronomy. It provides important historical evidence for the Jewish practice of affixing scriptural texts to doorposts during the Second Temple period.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.