Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

Material: Parchment, Form: Phylactery slip

An important Hasmonean-period scroll containing various portions of the Book of Deuteronomy, copied between 150 BC and 100 BC. The manuscript is notable for its use of stichography, where the text is structured in columns and lines to reflect poetic layouts.

An important Hasmonean-period scroll containing various portions of the Book of Deuteronomy, copied between 150 BC and 100 BC. The manuscript is notable for its use of stichography, where the text is structured in columns and lines to reflect poetic layouts.

An important Hasmonean-period scroll containing various portions of the Book of Deuteronomy, copied between 150 BC and 100 BC. The manuscript is notable for its use of stichography, where the text is structured in columns and lines to reflect poetic layouts.

An ancient Hebrew phylactery (tefillin) manuscript containing passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy written on a small leather strip. It is one of the oldest surviving physical tefillin in the world and is written on both sides (opisthographic) with the back text oriented perpendicularly to the front to maximize space.

This ancient Hebrew parchment scroll contains portions of Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Housed at the Rockefeller Museum, it represents an important early witness to the Torah and reflects the vibrant scribal techniques used during the late Hasmonean period.

An ancient Hebrew mezuzah manuscript found in Cave 4 at Qumran, containing biblical passages from Deuteronomy (6:5–6 and 10:14–11:2). It provides important physical evidence of early Jewish liturgical and daily ritual practices during the late Second Temple period.

A Herodian period mezuzah discovered in Cave 8 at Qumran, containing verses from Deuteronomy. It provides important historical evidence for the Jewish practice of affixing scriptural texts to doorposts during the Second Temple period.

Discovered in Cave 1 of Wadi Murabba'at, this Hebrew manuscript fragment dates to the era of the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–135 AD). It preserves portions of the Book of Deuteronomy and is highly significant for its remarkable identity with the traditional Masoretic Hebrew text used today, illustrating what biblical scrolls were carried by Jewish refugees seeking shelter in the Judean Desert.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.