An ancient Hebrew scroll of the Book of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Dating to the early-to-mid 2nd century BC, it is one of the oldest surviving copies of Deuteronomy and represents the transitional script from the Archaic to the Hasmonean period.

An ancient Hebrew scroll of the Book of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Dating to the early-to-mid 2nd century BC, it is one of the oldest surviving copies of Deuteronomy and represents the transitional script from the Archaic to the Hasmonean period.

An ancient Hebrew scroll of the Book of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Dating to the early-to-mid 2nd century BC, it is one of the oldest surviving copies of Deuteronomy and represents the transitional script from the Archaic to the Hasmonean period.

An ancient Hebrew scroll of the Book of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Dating to the early-to-mid 2nd century BC, it is one of the oldest surviving copies of Deuteronomy and represents the transitional script from the Archaic to the Hasmonean period.

Papyrus Rylands 458 is widely recognized as the oldest known manuscript of the Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. The surviving papyrus fragments were remarkably preserved by being used as cartonnage to wrap an Egyptian mummy.

An early Hebrew manuscript of Deuteronomy dating to the late first century BC, discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. It is notable for its scribal practice of writing the Tetragrammaton (the divine name) in the ancient paleo-Hebrew script.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.