An ancient Hebrew scroll of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Copied in a transitional script style between Hasmonean and early Herodian eras, the fragments preserve early portions of Deuteronomy, including sections from chapters 1, 2, 19, 31, and 33.

An ancient Hebrew scroll of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Copied in a transitional script style between Hasmonean and early Herodian eras, the fragments preserve early portions of Deuteronomy, including sections from chapters 1, 2, 19, 31, and 33.

An ancient Hebrew scroll of Deuteronomy discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. Copied in a transitional script style between Hasmonean and early Herodian eras, the fragments preserve early portions of Deuteronomy, including sections from chapters 1, 2, 19, 31, and 33.

An early Herodian copy of Deuteronomy found under the floor of the ancient synagogue at Masada in what was likely a genizah (a storage chamber for worn-out sacred scrolls). Its text is almost identical to the standard Masoretic Text, demonstrating the stability and authority of the Hebrew biblical tradition by the time Masada fell in 73 AD.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.