A collection of phylactery (tefillin) fragments containing biblical passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy. These small parchment slips were used for liturgical prayer, providing insight into ancient Jewish devotional practices during the Second Temple period.

A collection of phylactery (tefillin) fragments containing biblical passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy. These small parchment slips were used for liturgical prayer, providing insight into ancient Jewish devotional practices during the Second Temple period.

A collection of phylactery (tefillin) fragments containing biblical passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy. These small parchment slips were used for liturgical prayer, providing insight into ancient Jewish devotional practices during the Second Temple period.

An ancient Hebrew tefillin (phylactery) parchment slip containing passages from the Torah, specifically Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5 (including the Shema) on one side and Exodus 13:14–16 on the other. Discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, this two-sided (opisthographic) scroll shows the early Jewish devotional practice of binding scriptural passages to the body for prayer.

A Hebrew tefillin (phylactery) manuscript written on both sides of a single leather slip. Due to space constraints, the scribe wrote the text on the back in a unique layout, rotating the fragment to fit the passages from Deuteronomy.

4Q139 is a phylactery (tefillin) fragment from Qumran Cave 4 containing portions of Deuteronomy 5:7–24, which includes the Ten Commandments. This small leather scroll shows the antiquity of using the Decalogue in Jewish daily prayers during the Second Temple period.

4Q139 is a phylactery (tefillin) fragment from Qumran Cave 4 containing portions of Deuteronomy 5:7–24, which includes the Ten Commandments. This small leather scroll shows the antiquity of using the Decalogue in Jewish daily prayers during the Second Temple period.

4Q139 is a phylactery (tefillin) fragment from Qumran Cave 4 containing portions of Deuteronomy 5:7–24, which includes the Ten Commandments. This small leather scroll shows the antiquity of using the Decalogue in Jewish daily prayers during the Second Temple period.

A fascinating early Herodian-period manuscript of Deuteronomy discovered in Qumran Cave 4, dating to the late 1st century BC. Rather than a continuous copy of the biblical book, it contains selected excerpts from chapters 5, 11, and 32, leading scholars to believe it was used for liturgical purposes or possibly as a master copy for crafting tefillin (phylacteries).

An exceptionally well-preserved copy of Deuteronomy popularly known as the 'All Souls Deuteronomy.' It contains an early version of the Ten Commandments (the Decalogue) and was likely used for liturgical or devotional purposes during the Second Temple period.

An ancient Hebrew manuscript from Qumran Cave 4 that uniquely combines passages from both Exodus and Deuteronomy. Written in a clear Herodian square script, this scroll may have served a liturgical or devotional purpose for personal study or prayer in the 1st century AD.

A remarkably early papyrus codex containing portions of Numbers and Deuteronomy, providing vital evidence for the development of the early Christian book. It is highly significant for being one of the earliest known manuscripts to feature visible page numbers.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.