Exodus 1

Exodus 1:11

"And he set over them taskmasters, who should afflict them in their works; and they built strong cities for Pharao, both Pitho, and Ramesses, and On, which is Heliopolis."
Manuscripts (3)
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4QGenesis-Exodus a showing Exodus 1:11 from Late 2nd Century BC found in Qumran, Cave 4, currently housed at Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Fragment

4QGenesis-Exodus a

1 of 34Q1
LanguageHebrew
Earliest Date~125 BC (Late 2nd Century BC)
Current LocationRockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Found LocationQumran, Cave 4
Scribal Context & Details

4Q1 is one of the earliest biblical manuscripts found at Qumran, preserving fragments of both Genesis and Exodus written in a square Hasmonean script.

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2Q Exodus a showing Exodus 1:11 from Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD found in Qumran, Cave 2, currently housed at Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Fragment

2Q Exodus a

2 of 32Q2
LanguageHebrew
Earliest Date~30 BC (Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD)
Current LocationRockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Found LocationQumran, Cave 2
Scribal Context & Details

A collection of 13 parchment fragments of the Book of Exodus discovered in Qumran Cave 2 in 1952. Written in a square Herodian script, the surviving portions align closely with the Masoretic tradition, representing one of the early witnesses to the biblical text of Exodus.

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Codex Vaticanus showing Exodus 1:11 from Early to Mid-4th Century AD, currently housed at Vatican Library, Vatican City
Codex

Codex Vaticanus

3 of 3B
LanguageGreek
Earliest Date~AD 300 (Early to Mid-4th Century AD)
Current LocationVatican Library, Vatican City
Found LocationUnknown
Scribal Context & Details

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

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