Exodus 1

Exodus 1:14

"And they embittered their life by hard labors, in the clay and in brick-making, and all the works in the plains, according to all the works, wherein they caused them to serve with violence."
Manuscripts (2)
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2Q Exodus a showing Exodus 1:14 from Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD found in Qumran, Cave 2, currently housed at Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Fragment

2Q Exodus a

1 of 22Q2
LanguageHebrew
Earliest Date~30 BC (Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD)
Current LocationRockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Found LocationQumran, Cave 2
Scribal Context & Details

A collection of 13 parchment fragments of the Book of Exodus discovered in Qumran Cave 2 in 1952. Written in a square Herodian script, the surviving portions align closely with the Masoretic tradition, representing one of the early witnesses to the biblical text of Exodus.

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Codex Vaticanus showing Exodus 1:14 from Early to Mid-4th Century AD, currently housed at Vatican Library, Vatican City
Codex

Codex Vaticanus

2 of 2B
LanguageGreek
Earliest Date~AD 300 (Early to Mid-4th Century AD)
Current LocationVatican Library, Vatican City
Found LocationUnknown
Scribal Context & Details

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

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