Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

Written in the ancient Paleo-Hebrew script, this significant scroll from Qumran Cave 4 is one of the longest and best-preserved early copies of the Book of Exodus. Dating to the late Hasmonean period, it provides a valuable window into how the Torah was copied and preserved during the Second Temple era.

This ancient Hebrew scroll, discovered in Qumran Cave 4, contains extensive sections of the Torah and is notable for including the expanded Song of Miriam. Housed at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem, it represents an important early witness to the Pentateuch, showing the rich scribal and interpretive traditions of the late Hasmonean period.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.