Discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, this manuscript of the Book of Exodus dates back to the mid-to-late 1st century BC. Written in Hebrew, it serves as an important witness to the ancient preservation of the biblical text, showing a high degree of continuity with the later standardized Hebrew scriptures. The manuscript is preserved in numerous fragments, which are now housed in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem.

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.