Psalms 32:12
4Q Psalms a (4QPsª)
Written on parchment in Hebrew square script, 4Q83 is considered one of the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Book of Psalms, dating back to the Hasmonean period (c. 150 BC). Discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, it is a key witness to the ancient text of the Psalter.
4QPsalms q (Scan 1)
An ancient Hebrew manuscript of the Psalms discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, dating to the mid-1st century AD. It is physically housed today at the Musée Bible et Terre Sainte in Paris, France, rather than in Jerusalem, making it one of the few Qumran fragments located in Europe.
4QPsalms q (Scan 2)
An ancient Hebrew manuscript of the Psalms discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, dating to the mid-1st century AD. It is physically housed today at the Musée Bible et Terre Sainte in Paris, France, rather than in Jerusalem, making it one of the few Qumran fragments located in Europe.
Codex Vaticanus
Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.
Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most celebrated and important books in the world. Handwritten well over 1,600 years ago, it contains the Christian Bible in Greek, including the oldest surviving complete copy of the New Testament. Originally discovered at St. Catherine's Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai, its surviving leaves are now preserved across four libraries worldwide, with the largest portion held at the British Library.