Ruth 1

Ruth 1:5

"And both Maalon and Chelaion died also; and the woman was left of her husband and her two sons."
Manuscripts (4)
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4QRuthᵃ showing Ruth 1:5 from Late Hasmonean (c. 75–50 BC) found in Qumran, Cave 4, currently housed at Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Scroll

4QRuthᵃ

1 of 44Q104
LanguageHebrew
Earliest Date~75 BC (Late Hasmonean (c. 75–50 BC))
Current LocationRockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Found LocationQumran, Cave 4
Scribal Context & Details

One of the oldest surviving copies of the Book of Ruth, this fragmentary Hebrew scroll was discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran. It preserves the opening chapter of Ruth (1:1–12) and is written in a beautiful late Hasmonean square script, dating to the middle of the first century BC.

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4QRuthb showing Ruth 1:5 from Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD found in Qumran, Cave 4, currently housed at Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Fragment

4QRuthb

2 of 44Q105
LanguageHebrew
Earliest Date~30 BC (Late 1st Century BC – Mid-1st Century AD)
Current LocationRockefeller Museum, Jerusalem
Found LocationQumran, Cave 4
Scribal Context & Details

4Q105 is one of the oldest surviving Hebrew manuscript witnesses to the Book of Ruth, dating back to the Herodian period. Discovered in Cave 4 at Qumran, these parchment fragments preserve portions of the first chapter of Ruth, depicting the story of Naomi and her daughters-in-law.

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Codex Vaticanus showing Ruth 1:5 from Early to Mid-4th Century AD, currently housed at Vatican Library, Vatican City
Codex

Codex Vaticanus

3 of 4B
LanguageGreek
Earliest Date~AD 300 (Early to Mid-4th Century AD)
Current LocationVatican Library, Vatican City
Found LocationUnknown
Scribal Context & Details

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest and most valuable surviving manuscripts of the complete Greek Bible. It has been securely housed in the Vatican Library since at least the late 15th century and is celebrated for its elegant script written on very high-quality vellum.

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Codex Alexandrinus showing Ruth 1:5 from 5th Century (c. 400-440 CE) found in Alexandria, Egypt, currently housed at British Library, London
Codex

Codex Alexandrinus

4 of 4A
LanguageGreek
Earliest Date~AD 400 (5th Century (c. 400-440 CE))
Current LocationBritish Library, London
Found LocationAlexandria, Egypt
Scribal Context & Details

Codex Alexandrinus is one of the four great uncial codices of the Greek Bible. It contains the vast majority of the Septuagint and New Testament, and was the first of the great uncials to become accessible to modern scholars.

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