Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Different Word entirely
لَسَٰحِرٞ
magician
لَسِحْرٞ
sorcery
Hafs reads the active participle 'lasāḥirun' (a magician), referring to the Prophet himself. The variant reads the verbal noun 'lasiḥrun' (sorcery), shifting the reference to the message or the revelation being presented.
Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Rawh, Ruways, Susi, Warsh
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
تَذَكَّرُونَ
take heed
تَذَّكَّرُونَ
constantly remember
The variant reads with a shadda (tashdeed) on the letter dhāl, representing the assimilation of an original tā', which adds a sense of intensity and continuity to the meaning ('constantly remember') compared to the lighter form in Hafs ('take heed').
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hafs, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
إِنَّهُۥ
Surely He
أَنَّهُۥ
that He
Hafs reads with a kasra on the hamza (innahu), beginning a new independent sentence ('Indeed, He...'). The variant reads with a fatha (annahu), making the clause subordinate and directly explaining the preceding 'promise' ('the promise... is that He...').
Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يُفَصِّلُ
He makes distinct
نُفَصِّلُ
We detail
The prefix 'ya' (third person singular) in Hafs is read as 'nun' (first person plural) in the variant, shifting the subject from 'He makes distinct' to 'We detail'.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Shu'bah, Warsh
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
لَقُضِيَ
would indeed have been completed
لَقَضَى
He would have fulfilled
Hafs reads the verb in the passive voice (quḍiya), whereas the variant reads it in the active voice (qaḍā) attributing the action directly to God, which also shifts 'their term' from the subject of the passive verb to the object of the active verb.
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Rawh, Ruways
ثُمَّ جَعَلۡنَٰكُمۡ خَلَـٰٓئِفَ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِهِمۡ لِنَنظُرَ كَيۡفَ تَعۡمَلُونَ
Then, after them, We made you successors on the earth, so that We might see how you would do.
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
وَلَآ أَدۡرَىٰكُم
nor would He have made it known to you
وَلَأَدۡرَىٰكُم
and He would have informed you
The negative particle 'لَا' (not) is read as the emphatic particle 'لَ' (surely) by omitting the Alif. This changes the meaning from a negation ('nor would He...') to an affirmative assertion ('and surely He would have...').
Bazzi
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يُشۡرِكُونَ
they associate
تُشۡرِكُونَ
you associate
The prefix letter changes from ya (two dots below) for the 3rd person plural ('they') to ta (two dots above) for the 2nd person plural ('you').
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
تَمۡكُرُونَ
you are scheming
يَمۡكُرُونَ
they scheme
The prefix changes from ta' (second person 'you') to ya' (third person 'they') by shifting the dots, changing the address from direct speech to an indirect reference to the people.
Rawh
Theological Defect
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Different Word entirely
يُسَيِّرُكُمۡ
enables you to travel
يَنشُرُكُمۡ
scatters you
By changing the placement of the dots on the identical unpointed Arabic skeleton (five 'teeth' before the letter Raa), the root changes from s-y-r (to make travel) to n-sh-r (to scatter or spread).
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
مَّتَٰعَ
enjoyment
مَّتَٰعُ
is (only) the enjoyment
The word changes from the accusative case (mansub) in Hafs, acting as an adverbial expression of state or time, to the nominative case (marfu') in the variant, making it the predicate (khabar) of the sentence 'your oppression... is the enjoyment'.
Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
وَٱللَّهُ يَدۡعُوٓاْ إِلَىٰ دَارِ ٱلسَّلَٰمِ وَيَهۡدِي مَن يَشَآءُ إِلَىٰ صِرَٰطٖ مُّسۡتَقِيمٖ
God calls to the Home of peace, and guides whomever He pleases to a straight path.
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
قِطَعٗا
pieces
قِطۡعٗا
dark phase
Hafs reads 'qiṭaʿan' (plural) meaning 'pieces', while the variant reads 'qiṭʿan' (singular noun) with a sukun on the letter ta, shifting the meaning to a 'portion' or 'dark phase' of the night.
Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways
فَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ شَهِيدَۢا بَيۡنَنَا وَبَيۡنَكُمۡ إِن كُنَّا عَنۡ عِبَادَتِكُمۡ لَغَٰفِلِينَ
God is sufficient as a witness between us and you that we were indeed oblivious of your service.’
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Different Word entirely
تَبۡلُواْ
will stand trial
تَتْلُواْ
reads
The change in dots from a 'ba' (one dot below) to a 'ta' (two dots above) changes the root from ba-lam-waw (to test/experience/stand trial) to ta-lam-waw (to read/recite).
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
كَذَٰلِكَ حَقَّتۡ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ فَسَقُوٓاْ أَنَّهُمۡ لَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
كَلِمَتُ
word
كَلِمَٰتُ
Words
The noun changes from the singular 'word' (kalimatu) to the plural 'words' (kalimātu).
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Warsh
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
يَهِدِّيٓ
does not guide
يَهْدِي
cannot guide (anyone)
The skeletal text (rasm) is identical, but the vowels and shaddah differ. Hafs reads 'yahiddī' (a contraction of the Form VIII 'yahtadī'), meaning 'to find guidance' or 'guide oneself'. The variant reads 'yahdī' (Form I), meaning 'to guide others'.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
وَمِنۡهُم مَّن يَنظُرُ إِلَيۡكَۚ أَفَأَنتَ تَهۡدِي ٱلۡعُمۡيَ وَلَوۡ كَانُواْ لَا يُبۡصِرُونَ
(There is) one of them who looks to you, but can you guide the blind, when they do not see?
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَظۡلِمُ ٱلنَّاسَ شَيۡـٔٗا وَلَٰكِنَّ ٱلنَّاسَ أَنفُسَهُمۡ يَظۡلِمُونَ
Surely God does not do the people any evil at all, but the people do themselves evil.
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يَحۡشُرُهُمۡ
He gathers them
نَحْشُرُهُمْ
We herd them
The prefix of the verb changes from a yaa (indicating third person singular 'He') to a noon (indicating first person plural 'We').
Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
وَيَقُولُونَ مَتَىٰ هَٰذَا ٱلۡوَعۡدُ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَٰدِقِينَ
They say, ‘When (will) this promise (come to pass), if you are truthful?’
أَثُمَّ إِذَا مَا وَقَعَ ءَامَنتُم بِهِۦٓۚ ءَآلۡـَٰٔنَ وَقَدۡ كُنتُم بِهِۦ تَسۡتَعۡجِلُونَ
When it falls, will you believe in it? Now? When you had been seeking to hurry it?’
۞وَيَسۡتَنۢبِـُٔونَكَ أَحَقٌّ هُوَۖ قُلۡ إِي وَرَبِّيٓ إِنَّهُۥ لَحَقّٞۖ وَمَآ أَنتُم بِمُعۡجِزِينَ
هُوَ يُحۡيِۦ وَيُمِيتُ وَإِلَيۡهِ تُرۡجَعُونَ
He gives life and causes death, and to Him you will be returned.
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
تُرۡجَعُونَ
you will be returned
تَرۡجِعُونَ
you return
The verb changes from passive in Hafs (turja'ūna - will be returned) to active in the variant (tarji'ūna - return) due to a change in vowels.
Rawh, Ruways
قُلۡ بِفَضۡلِ ٱللَّهِ وَبِرَحۡمَتِهِۦ فَبِذَٰلِكَ فَلۡيَفۡرَحُواْ هُوَ خَيۡرٞ مِّمَّا يَجۡمَعُونَ
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يَجۡمَعُونَ
they accumulate
تَجۡمَعُونَ
youpl hoard
The prefix ya' (indicating 3rd person) changes to ta' (indicating 2nd person plural), shifting the subject from 'they accumulate' to a direct address of 'you hoard'.
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan
فَلۡيَفۡرَحُواْ ... يَجۡمَعُونَ
let them gloat ... they accumulate
فَلْتَفْرَحُوا ... تَجْمَعُونَ
do rejoicepl ... you hoard
Both verbs shift from the 3rd person to the 2nd person by changing the prefix from ya' (ي) to ta' (ت). The address changes from speaking about others ('let them rejoice', 'they accumulate') to directly addressing the believers ('you should rejoice', 'you hoard').
Ruways
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
أَصۡغَرَ
smaller
أَصْغَرُ
smaller
Hafs reads 'asghara' (and 'akbara') in the accusative case (with fathah) as a negation, while the variant reads 'asgharu' (and 'akbaru') in the nominative case (with dammah) as the subject of a new clause.
Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Rawh, Ruways
أَلَآ إِنَّ أَوۡلِيَآءَ ٱللَّهِ لَا خَوۡفٌ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَلَا هُمۡ يَحۡزَنُونَ
Is it not a fact that the allies of God – (there will be) no fear on them, nor will they sorrow?
Contradicts the Bible
قُلۡ إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يَفۡتَرُونَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡكَذِبَ لَا يُفۡلِحُونَ
Say: ‘Surely those who forge lies against God will not prosper.’
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift) | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
فَأَجۡمِعُوٓاْ أَمۡرَكُمۡ وَشُرَكَآءَكُمۡ
put together your plan, (you) and your associates
فَٱجۡمَعُوٓاْ أَمۡرَكُمۡ وَشُرَكَآءُكُمۡ
bring together all your matters, and so should your associates
The verb changes from Form IV (ajma'a - to resolve) to Form I (jama'a - to gather). Additionally, 'associates' changes from the accusative to the nominative case, making it an implied subject rather than a joined object.
Ruways
وَشُرَكَآءَكُمۡ
(you) and your associates
وَشُرَكَآؤُكُمۡ
and so should your associates
The case ending changes from accusative (with a fatha) to nominative (with a damma), shifting its grammatical role from an accompanying object to a coordinated subject.
Rawh
Theological Defect
فَلَمَّا جَآءَهُمُ ٱلۡحَقُّ مِنۡ عِندِنَا قَالُوٓاْ إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَسِحۡرٞ مُّبِينٞ
When the truth came to them from Us, they said, ‘Surely this is clear magic indeed.’
وَقَالَ فِرۡعَوۡنُ ٱئۡتُونِي بِكُلِّ سَٰحِرٍ عَلِيمٖ
And Pharaoh said, ‘Bring me every skilled magician.’
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
سَٰحِرٍ
magician
سَحَّارٍ
proficient sorcerer
The variant changes the active participle 'sāḥir' (magician) to the intensive morphological pattern 'saḥḥār' (proficient/highly skilled sorcerer), emphasizing a greater degree of mastery in sorcery.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
فَلَمَّا جَآءَ ٱلسَّحَرَةُ قَالَ لَهُم مُّوسَىٰٓ أَلۡقُواْ مَآ أَنتُم مُّلۡقُونَ
When the magicians came, Moses said to them, ‘Cast (down) what you are going to cast.’
Extra Word - Addition / Omission of Word
ٱلسِّحۡرُ
is magic
ءَآلسِّحۡرُ
is it sorcery?
The variant adds the interrogative hamzah (ءَ), changing the declarative statement into a rhetorical question.
Duri Abu 'Amr, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Susi
وَيُحِقُّ ٱللَّهُ ٱلۡحَقَّ بِكَلِمَٰتِهِۦ وَلَوۡ كَرِهَ ٱلۡمُجۡرِمُونَ
God verifies the truth by His words, even though the sinners dislike (it).’
وَنَجِّنَا بِرَحۡمَتِكَ مِنَ ٱلۡقَوۡمِ ٱلۡكَٰفِرِينَ
but rescue us by Your mercy from the people who are disbelievers.’
Historical Error
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
لِيُضِلُّواْ
lead (people) astray
لِيَضِلُّواْ
stray
The Hafs reading uses a damma on the prefix (li-yuḍillū), which corresponds to the transitive Form IV verb meaning 'to lead others astray'. The variant uses a fatha on the prefix (li-yaḍillū), corresponding to the intransitive Form I verb meaning 'to stray' themselves.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi, Warsh
Theological Defect
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
أَنَّهُۥ
that
إِنَّهُۥ
Indeed
Hafs reads with a fathah on the hamzah (annahu), forming a subordinate clause ('I believe that...'). The variant reads with a kasrah (innahu), beginning a new independent clause with emphasis ('I have attained belief. Indeed...').
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
Theological Defect
ءَآلۡـَٰٔنَ وَقَدۡ عَصَيۡتَ قَبۡلُ وَكُنتَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُفۡسِدِينَ
‘Now? When you had disobeyed before and were one of the fomenters of corruption?
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
نُنَجِّيكَ
rescue you
نُنْجِيكَ
save you
The verb shifts from Form II (nunajjīka, emphasizing intense or active rescuing) to Form IV (nunjīka, meaning to save). The letters remain identical, changing only in vowels and shaddah.
Rawh, Ruways
Historical Error
Promotes Division & Discrimination
Contradicts the Bible
وَلَا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَذَّبُواْ بِـَٔايَٰتِ ٱللَّهِ فَتَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلۡخَٰسِرِينَ
And do not be one of those who call the signs of God a lie, or you will be one of the losers.
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ حَقَّتۡ عَلَيۡهِمۡ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ لَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ
Surely those against whom the word of your Lord has proved true will not believe,
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
كَلِمَتُ
word
كَلِمَٰتُ
Words
The variant reads the noun in the plural form 'Words' (with an added alif, represented by a dagger alif in the rasm) rather than the singular form 'word', expanding the reference from a single decree to multiple decrees of the Lord.
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Warsh
وَلَوۡ جَآءَتۡهُمۡ كُلُّ ءَايَةٍ حَتَّىٰ يَرَوُاْ ٱلۡعَذَابَ ٱلۡأَلِيمَ
even though every sign comes to them, until they see the painful punishment.
Theological Defect
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يَجۡعَلُ
He places
نَجۡعَلُ
We lay
The diacritical marks on the first letter change from two dots below (ي, yā') to one dot above (ن, nūn), changing the verb from the third-person singular ('He places') to the first-person plural of majesty ('We lay').
Shu'bah
Theological Defect
ثُمَّ نُنَجِّي رُسُلَنَا وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْۚ كَذَٰلِكَ حَقًّا عَلَيۡنَا نُنجِ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
نُنَجِّي
rescue
نُنْجِي
save
The variant reads the verb in Form IV (with a sukoon on the first nun and no shaddah on the jeem) instead of Form II (with a fatha on the nun and shaddah on the jeem), shifting the nuance from 'rescue' (intensive) to 'save'.
Rawh, Ruways
نُنجِ
We shall rescue
نُنَجِّ
to deliver
The verb shifts from Form IV (nunji) in Hafs to Form II (nunajji) in the variant. While both mean to save or deliver, the variant harmonizes the morphological form with the first verb in the verse.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Qunbul, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
وَأَنۡ أَقِمۡ وَجۡهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنِيفٗا وَلَا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ
And: ‘Set your face to the religion (as) a Ḥanīf, and do not be one of the idolaters.