Surah 10:5
"He (it is) who made the sun an illumination, and the moon a light, and determined it by stations, so that you might know the number of the years and the reckoning (of time). God created that only in truth. He makes the signs distinct for a people who know."
Claimed Miracle: Astronomy
APOLOGIST CLAIM
"The Quran distinguishes between the sun as a generating light (diyaa) and the moon as a reflected light (noor)."
Refutation & Exegesis
The distinction between the blazing, heat-generating light of the sun and the cool, ambient light of the moon is an intuitive visual observation common to all ancient cultures. Furthermore, the knowledge that moonlight is merely a reflection of sunlight was well-established by Greek astronomers like Anaxagoras and Aristotle nearly a thousand years before Islam, and was widely integrated into Near Eastern astrological understanding by the 7th century. The Quran is merely using standard terminology to describe visually distinct types of light.
Dehistoricization / Mistranslation
Apologists try to claim the text reveals moonlight is a reflection, which requires severely manipulating the Arabic definition of 'noor' (light). They also dehistoricize the claim by pretending ancient Greek astronomers hadn't already proven the moon merely reflects the sun's light a millennium earlier.