Sūra 111 is thought to be the only place in the Quran where an opponent of the messenger is named. If so, this draws attention to the Quran’s general lack of historical context. Furthermore, Abū Lahab translates to “father of flame,” so the name may be only a nickname.

111.1 – The hands of Abū Lahab have perished, and he has perished
The sūra seems to be a condemnation of Abū Lahab and his wife. The verses consign both of them to hell.
In Muslim tradition, Abū Lahab is an uncle of Muhammad who opposes him.