This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This document is uniquely significant as it represents the only known codex of the Quran written on papyrus. It was discovered by Naïm Vanthieghem in 2011 and edited by Mathieu Tillier and Naïm Vanthieghem in 2024.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

This codex is known primarily through photographs in the Gotthelf Bergsträßer archive, taken in the early 1930s. Although the original manuscript is no longer identifiable in the current museum catalogue, these rare photographs survived World War II and provide a crucial record of this early text.

This codex is known primarily through photographs in the Gotthelf Bergsträßer archive, taken in the early 1930s. Although the original manuscript is no longer identifiable in the current museum catalogue, these rare photographs survived World War II and provide a crucial record of this early text.

This monumental manuscript is one of the oldest surviving Qurans, traditionally believed to be the personal copy of Caliph Uthman stained with his blood. After being taken by Russian imperial forces in 1868 to Saint Petersburg, it was repatriated to Tashkent in 1923.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

The manuscript suffered significant water damage in the past and underwent a careful historical restoration. Its original margins were cut away and replaced with new paper borders, which were then elegantly decorated with broad gold lines and fine blue lines.

This codex is written on parchment in the D.I style of early Kufic script. A unique feature of this manuscript is that the initial 'ayn (ع) letters have been systematically traced over by a later hand, and golden hāʾ symbols are used to indicate groups of five verses.

This codex is written on parchment in the D.I style of early Kufic script. A unique feature of this manuscript is that the initial 'ayn (ع) letters have been systematically traced over by a later hand, and golden hāʾ symbols are used to indicate groups of five verses.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This extensive 8th-century manuscript is well-known today through a collection of 471 photographs taken by Gotthelf Bergsträßer around 1930, preserving its contents in his archive.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This manuscript was extensively photographed as part of the Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive before World War II. The original first folio was lost and replaced with a paper leaf in thuluth script, while the original ancient parchment continues from the fourth word of Q 2:5.

This manuscript was extensively photographed as part of the Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive before World War II. The original first folio was lost and replaced with a paper leaf in thuluth script, while the original ancient parchment continues from the fourth word of Q 2:5.

This manuscript was extensively photographed as part of the Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive before World War II. The original first folio was lost and replaced with a paper leaf in thuluth script, while the original ancient parchment continues from the fourth word of Q 2:5.

The manuscript uses decorative medallions and bands to mark every ten verses, rather than separating individual verses. A marginal note in cursive script reveals it was once owned by Aḥmad Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Huwaydī, with later readers adding pious notes in the margins.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This manuscript is notable for its rich ornamentation, including golden dot groupings to separate verses and elaborate golden medallions with the names of the tens spelled out in golden characters on a red background.

This manuscript is notable for its rich ornamentation, including golden dot groupings to separate verses and elaborate golden medallions with the names of the tens spelled out in golden characters on a red background.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

Although individual verses are not separated, this parchment manuscript marks groups of five verses with a golden letter 'hāʾ' and groups of ten with stylized medallions. The text is written in dark brown ink and features partial vocalization using red dots.

This manuscript is notable for its teardrop-shaped verse markers containing the word 'aya' in gold on a white background, as well as distinct medallions marking groups of five and ten verses. The text largely lacks typical diacritical marks, instead employing red dots for vocalization and green dots for the hamza.

This fragment features Kufic script (Group D) with mostly absent diacritics. Vocalization is marked with red dots, and hamza with green dots. While individual verses are not separated, gilded Kufic hāʾ letters mark groups of five verses, and illuminated medallions indicate groups of ten.

This fragment features Kufic script (Group D) with mostly absent diacritics. Vocalization is marked with red dots, and hamza with green dots. While individual verses are not separated, gilded Kufic hāʾ letters mark groups of five verses, and illuminated medallions indicate groups of ten.

This fragment features Kufic script (Group D) with mostly absent diacritics. Vocalization is marked with red dots, and hamza with green dots. While individual verses are not separated, gilded Kufic hāʾ letters mark groups of five verses, and illuminated medallions indicate groups of ten.

This Abbasid-era manuscript features verses inscribed in a gilded frame, with several folios decorated with rectangular gilded panels. It was acquired by Edward H. Palmer during an 1878 research trip to the Sinai Peninsula.

This Abbasid-era manuscript features verses inscribed in a gilded frame, with several folios decorated with rectangular gilded panels. It was acquired by Edward H. Palmer during an 1878 research trip to the Sinai Peninsula.

This Abbasid-era manuscript features verses inscribed in a gilded frame, with several folios decorated with rectangular gilded panels. It was acquired by Edward H. Palmer during an 1878 research trip to the Sinai Peninsula.

The Blue Quran is an early Quranic manuscript famous for its gold lettering on rare indigo-colored parchment. While its exact origins are debated, it is believed to have been created between the 8th and 10th centuries and was historically kept at the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia.

This codex is largely complete, containing the entire Quran, though the first folio and a few other leaves were supplied by a later hand. Written on parchment, the manuscript represents an important transitional stage in the evolution of the Arabic script toward the Maghrebi style. While generally well-preserved, some of the early and late folios exhibit water damage and have been repaired.

This manuscript is notable for its rich illuminations, including teardrop-shaped verse separators with the word 'aya' inscribed in gold on a green background. It utilizes red dots for vocalization, green dots for the hamza, and golden Kufic hāʾ characters to denote groups of five verses.

This parchment manuscript features the second ǧuz’ of the Quran, written with five lines per page, and is decorated with ink, opaque watercolor, and gold.

This parchment manuscript features the second ǧuz’ of the Quran, written with five lines per page, and is decorated with ink, opaque watercolor, and gold.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This fragment is part of a collection of early Qur'an manuscripts acquired by scholars Edward H. Palmer and E.E. Tyrwhitt Drake during a research trip to the Sinai Peninsula in 1878.

This fragment is part of a collection of early Qur'an manuscripts acquired by scholars Edward H. Palmer and E.E. Tyrwhitt Drake during a research trip to the Sinai Peninsula in 1878.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This single parchment folio is notably stained by purple mould and has its right and left margins scored in dry point. It preserves a distinct North African writing tradition where fāʾ is marked with one dot below and qāf with one dot above.

This codex is closely related to two other Andalusian manuscripts held in Istanbul, which were written in Cordoba (1143-1144 AD) and Valencia (1182-1183 AD), suggesting a similar provenance. It features distinctive Maġribī micrography for the main text and angular chrysography for the Surah headings.

This paper manuscript is written in black ink with red dots for vocalization. Notably, the shaddah is written in its modern shape, and the title of Surah III is written in New Style script outlined in ink.

This paper manuscript is written in black ink with red dots for vocalization. Notably, the shaddah is written in its modern shape, and the title of Surah III is written in New Style script outlined in ink.