This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This manuscript features an unusual version of the Hijazi script and contains illumination of horizontal chevron bands between Surahs. It belongs to a larger dispersed codex that includes manuscripts MS.68, MS.69, MS.70, and MS.699 in the Museum of Islamic Art (Doha), as well as a fragment in a private collection.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

This 8th-century codex features scarce use of diacritical marks and no vocalization, reflecting its antiquity. Fragments of the original manuscript are now widely dispersed, with portions held not only in Paris but also in the Vatican Library (Vat.ar.1784), the Khalili Collections (KFQ 49), and the University of Pennsylvania Museum (E 16264 D).

This 8th-century codex features scarce use of diacritical marks and no vocalization, reflecting its antiquity. Fragments of the original manuscript are now widely dispersed, with portions held not only in Paris but also in the Vatican Library (Vat.ar.1784), the Khalili Collections (KFQ 49), and the University of Pennsylvania Museum (E 16264 D).

This 8th-century codex features scarce use of diacritical marks and no vocalization, reflecting its antiquity. Fragments of the original manuscript are now widely dispersed, with portions held not only in Paris but also in the Vatican Library (Vat.ar.1784), the Khalili Collections (KFQ 49), and the University of Pennsylvania Museum (E 16264 D).

This codex is known primarily through photographs in the Gotthelf Bergsträßer archive, taken in the early 1930s. Although the original manuscript is no longer identifiable in the current museum catalogue, these rare photographs survived World War II and provide a crucial record of this early text.

This codex is known primarily through photographs in the Gotthelf Bergsträßer archive, taken in the early 1930s. Although the original manuscript is no longer identifiable in the current museum catalogue, these rare photographs survived World War II and provide a crucial record of this early text.

This almost complete codex is notable for being written by at least six different scribes in Kufic script. Originally documented in Gotthelf Bergsträßer's archives as 'Medina 1a', its folios were later repaired with paper edges, and a few missing pages were completed in Naskh script.

The physical manuscript is currently lost and its origin is unknown; it survives today only through six photographs published in Bernhard Moritz's monumental 1905 album 'Arabic Palaeography'.

The physical manuscript is currently lost and its origin is unknown; it survives today only through six photographs published in Bernhard Moritz's monumental 1905 album 'Arabic Palaeography'.

This codex fragment was documented in Bernhard Moritz's 1905 'Arabic Palaeography' album and was reportedly discovered in the ancient Egyptian city of Bahnasa (Oxyrynchos). Scholars suggest it may originally belong to the same large codex as other early Quranic fragments currently held in the Vatican, Paris, and the Khalili Collections.

This extremely small parchment fragment (88 by 74 mm) was originally part of the Seymour de Ricci collection. It was purchased in Aswan in 1909 and is believed to have originated from Elephantine Island. The text has noticeably been retraced by a later hand.

This fragmentary manuscript on parchment features an unclassified script with analogies to Early Abbasid groups A and B. A later reader notably added marginal indications in green ink to show a seven-part division of the text, placed within a circle.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This extensive 8th-century manuscript is well-known today through a collection of 471 photographs taken by Gotthelf Bergsträßer around 1930, preserving its contents in his archive.

This manuscript is notable for its monumental landscape format (23 x 66 cm when opened as a double page). It is a rare find, as Qurans from this era are typically only found as fragmentary single leaves, whereas this collection consists of nine relatively well-preserved leaves.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This manuscript originally belonged to a larger codex that has been virtually reconstructed. A detailed overview of all parts of this codex was included in the 'Digital Muṣḥaf' project created by Keith Small.

This manuscript originally belonged to a larger codex that has been virtually reconstructed. A detailed overview of all parts of this codex was included in the 'Digital Muṣḥaf' project created by Keith Small.

This manuscript originally belonged to a larger codex that has been virtually reconstructed. A detailed overview of all parts of this codex was included in the 'Digital Muṣḥaf' project created by Keith Small.

This manuscript features a forged colophon claiming it was copied in 798 AD by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. An old legend also suggested it was a diplomatic gift sent to Charlemagne, though scholars have proven both the attribution and the legend to be false.

This manuscript features a forged colophon claiming it was copied in 798 AD by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. An old legend also suggested it was a diplomatic gift sent to Charlemagne, though scholars have proven both the attribution and the legend to be false.

This manuscript, comprising 213 parchment folios, contains the entire second half of the Quran starting from Surah Maryam (19). It was documented by Wilhelm Ahlwardt in his 1887 catalogue of Arabic manuscripts at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and is notable for its robust Early Kufic script (D.Vb) with characteristic letterforms, such as the initial and medial 'kāf' often resembling 'dāl'.

This parchment manuscript features a title heading written in gold with marginal ornamentation. It is also notable for the occasional and unexplained appearance of a green dot after certain letters (specifically final mim and ha) throughout the text.

This parchment manuscript features a title heading written in gold with marginal ornamentation. It is also notable for the occasional and unexplained appearance of a green dot after certain letters (specifically final mim and ha) throughout the text.

The manuscript uses decorative medallions and bands to mark every ten verses, rather than separating individual verses. A marginal note in cursive script reveals it was once owned by Aḥmad Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Huwaydī, with later readers adding pious notes in the margins.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

This early manuscript features notable illuminations, including surah titles and verse counts written in gold ink accompanied by lanceolate vignettes. It uses sophisticated markers for verse groupings, employing specific rosette and circle designs to delineate groups of five and ten verses.

This early manuscript features notable illuminations, including surah titles and verse counts written in gold ink accompanied by lanceolate vignettes. It uses sophisticated markers for verse groupings, employing specific rosette and circle designs to delineate groups of five and ten verses.

This manuscript features ornate decorations, including gold dots or rosettes separating individual verses and gold Kufic letters marking groups of five verses. Furthermore, the titles of the surahs are beautifully written in gold ink, adding to the visual richness of this Kufic text.

This manuscript features ornate decorations, including gold dots or rosettes separating individual verses and gold Kufic letters marking groups of five verses. Furthermore, the titles of the surahs are beautifully written in gold ink, adding to the visual richness of this Kufic text.

This Abbasid-era Qur'an fragment, which currently consists of 47 folios out of an original 100, was acquired by Edward H. Palmer and E.E. Tyrwhitt Drake during an 1878 research trip to the Sinai Peninsula.

This fragment of an Abbasid Qur'an was acquired by the University of Cambridge in 1878 from Edward H. Palmer, who obtained it during a research expedition to the Sinai Peninsula. The text is written in a version of the Abbasid Kūfī B.II script.

This fragment of an Abbasid Qur'an was acquired by the University of Cambridge in 1878 from Edward H. Palmer, who obtained it during a research expedition to the Sinai Peninsula. The text is written in a version of the Abbasid Kūfī B.II script.

This codex is largely complete, containing the entire Quran, though the first folio and a few other leaves were supplied by a later hand. Written on parchment, the manuscript represents an important transitional stage in the evolution of the Arabic script toward the Maghrebi style. While generally well-preserved, some of the early and late folios exhibit water damage and have been repaired.

This bifolio exhibits distinctive early Kufic script features, such as independent alifs with flattened tails, almost triangular final mīms, and crescent-shaped final nūns. While the main text is in black ink, diacritical strokes were added later, and red dots are used to indicate vocalization.

The codex features an illuminated frontispiece of geometric design and a similarly decorated finispiece. Its blind-tooled black goatskin binding is attributable to Egypt and represents an important example of early Islamic bookbinding.

Held at the Qatar National Library, this Abbasid-era manuscript is written on parchment and serves as an example of Kūfī type E.I script. The codex is currently missing a folio between 6v and 7r, which presumably contained verses 27:32-46.

Held at the Qatar National Library, this Abbasid-era manuscript is written on parchment and serves as an example of Kūfī type E.I script. The codex is currently missing a folio between 6v and 7r, which presumably contained verses 27:32-46.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This Kufic fragment was acquired by the University of Cambridge in 1878 from Edward H. Palmer and E.E. Tyrwhitt Drake. Palmer collected this and several other early Quran manuscripts during a research trip to the Sinai Peninsula.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This codex is closely related to two other Andalusian manuscripts held in Istanbul, which were written in Cordoba (1143-1144 AD) and Valencia (1182-1183 AD), suggesting a similar provenance. It features distinctive Maġribī micrography for the main text and angular chrysography for the Surah headings.

This manuscript is written in the distinctive maġribī script on parchment (150 x 160mm) and contains 7 lines per page. It is held at The Walters Art Museum.

This manuscript is written in the distinctive maġribī script on parchment (150 x 160mm) and contains 7 lines per page. It is held at The Walters Art Museum.