Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change | Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
عَٰلِمِ
Knower
عَٰلِمُ
(He is) the Knower
The word changes from a genitive adjective modifying 'my Lord' to a nominative predicate implying 'He is the Knower'.
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Ruways, Warsh
عَٰلِمِ
Knower
عَلَّٰمِ
Superb Knower
The word changes from the active participle 'عَٰلِمِ' (Knower) to the intensive morphological form 'عَلَّٰمِ' (Superb Knower), emphasizing the vastness and perfection of Allah's knowledge.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Khalaf, Khallad
وَٱلَّذِينَ سَعَوۡ فِيٓ ءَايَٰتِنَا مُعَٰجِزِينَ أُوْلَـٰٓئِكَ لَهُمۡ عَذَابٞ مِّن رِّجۡزٍ أَلِيمٞ
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift) | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
مُعَٰجِزِينَ
to obstruct (them)
مُعَجِّزِينَ
attempting to thwart
The word changes from the Form III active participle 'mu'aajizeen' (striving to obstruct) to the Form II active participle 'mu'ajjizeen' (attempting to thwart or attribute weakness). Because the alif is typically omitted in the Uthmanic rasm (written as معجزين), the difference is realized through vowelization (harakat) and the addition of a shadda.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Qunbul, Susi
أَلِيمٞ
painful
اَلِيمٖ
painful
In Hafs, 'alīmun (أَلِيمٞ) is in the nominative case (marfu'), acting as an adjective for the nominative noun 'adhābun (عَذَابٞ - punishment), meaning 'a painful punishment'. In the variant, 'alīmin (اَلِيمٖ) is in the genitive case (majrur), acting as an adjective for the genitive noun rijzin (رِّجْزٍ - wrath/torment), meaning 'punishment of a painful wrath'.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
نَّشَأۡ نَخۡسِفۡ
We (so) please, We could cause
يَشَأۡ يَخۡسِفۡ
He wills, He can
The Hafs recitation uses the first-person plural prefix 'nun' (We) for the verbs, while the variant uses the third-person singular prefix 'ya' (He), changing the perspective from Allah speaking as 'We' to speaking about Him in the third person. (This change also applies to the subsequent verb نُسْقِطْ / يُسْقِطْ).
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad
كِسَفًا
fragments
كِسْفًا
fragments
Hafs reads with a fatha on the letter Sin (kisafan), treating it as the plural of 'kisfah' (fragments). The variant reads with a sukun on the Sin (kisfan), treating it as a singular or collective noun meaning 'a fragment' or 'pieces', though both denote pieces falling from the sky.
Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
Historical Error
Historical Error
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
ٱلرِّيحَ
the wind
ٱلرِّيَاحَ
the winds
The word changes from the singular 'ar-rīḥ' (the wind) to the plural 'ar-riyāḥ' (the winds), indicating that multiple winds were subjected to Prophet Solomon's command.
Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan
ٱلرِّيحَ
the wind
ٱلرِّيحُ
the wind
The final vowel changes from fatha (accusative) to damma (nominative), shifting its grammatical role from the object of an implied active verb '(We subjected)' to the subject of an implied passive verb or nominal sentence '(was subjected)'.
Shu'bah
Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
تَبَيَّنَتِ
it became clear to
تُبُيِّنَتِ
it became clear
The verb changes from the active Form V 'tabayyanat' (the jinn realized/it became clear to them) to the passive 'tubuyyinat' (the jinn were exposed/found out). This shifts the jinn from being the active experiencers of the realization to the passive subjects whose reality was revealed.
Ruways
Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
مَسۡكَنِهِمۡ
dwelling place
مَسَٰكِنِهِمُۥٓ
residences
The Hafs reading uses the singular 'maskan' (dwelling place), while the variant reads it as the plural 'masākin' (residences) indicated by the addition of the dagger alif.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
ذَٰلِكَ جَزَيۡنَٰهُم بِمَا كَفَرُواْۖ وَهَلۡ نُجَٰزِيٓ إِلَّا ٱلۡكَفُورَ
We repaid them that because they disbelieved. We do not repay (anyone) but the ungrateful?
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
نُجَٰزِيٓ إِلَّا ٱلۡكَفُورَ
We do not repay (anyone) but the ungrateful
يُجَٰز۪ىٰٓ إِلَّا اَ۬لْكَفُورُ
is (thus) repaid except the staunch denier
The verb changes from 1st person plural active ('We repay') to 3rd person singular passive ('is repaid') by changing the dots (nun to ya) and vowels. This grammatically shifts the following noun 'al-kafūr' from being an accusative object to a nominative deputy subject.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
رَبَّنَا بَٰعِدۡ
Our Lord, lengthen
رَبُّنَا بَٰعَدَ
Our Lord has lengthened
Hafs reads 'rabbanaa' in the accusative case as a vocative (calling out) and 'baa'id' as an imperative verb (a supplication). The variant reads 'rabbunaa' in the nominative case as the subject and 'baa'ada' as a past tense verb, changing the sentence from a plea to a declarative statement.
Rawh, Ruways
وَلَقَدۡ صَدَّقَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ إِبۡلِيسُ ظَنَّهُۥ فَٱتَّبَعُوهُ إِلَّا فَرِيقٗا مِّنَ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
صَدَّقَ
confirmed
صَدَقَ
was confirmed
The verb changes from Form II (saddaqa - to actively confirm/verify) to Form I (sadaqa - to be true/speak the truth), shifting the meaning from Iblis actively confirming his assumption to his assumption simply being true or confirmed.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi, Warsh
Theological Defect
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
أَذِنَ
He gives permission
أُذِن
has been given permission
The verb changes from the active voice 'adhina' (He gives permission) to the passive voice 'udhina' (has been given permission) through a change in vowels.
Abu Al-Harith, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Susi
فُزِّعَ
terror is removed
فَزَّعَ
He has dispelled fear
The verb changes from the passive voice in Hafs (fuzzi'a), meaning 'terror is removed', to the active voice in the variant (fazza'a), meaning 'He (Allah) dispelled fear'. The consonantal text remains identical, differing only in the diacritical vowels.
Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Rawh, Ruways
وَيَقُولُونَ مَتَىٰ هَٰذَا ٱلۡوَعۡدُ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَٰدِقِينَ
They say, ‘When (will) this promise (come to pass), if you are truthful?’
وَقَالُواْ نَحۡنُ أَكۡثَرُ أَمۡوَٰلٗا وَأَوۡلَٰدٗا وَمَا نَحۡنُ بِمُعَذَّبِينَ
And they (also) said, ‘We (have) more wealth and children, and we shall not be punished.’
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change | Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Singular to Plural / Plural to Singular
جَزَآءُ ٱلضِّعۡفِ
a double payment
جَزَآءً ٱلضِّعۡفُ
double as a repayment
Hafs reads the phrase as a genitive construct (idafah) with 'jazaa'u' (nominative) and 'al-di'fi' (genitive). The variant reads 'jazaa'an' with tanween fatha (accusative, functioning as an adverbial or specification) and 'al-di'fu' with a damma (nominative, functioning as the subject).
Ruways
ٱلۡغُرُفَٰتِ
exalted rooms
ٱلۡغُرۡفَةِ
the Chamber
Hafs reads the noun in the plural form 'al-ghurufaat' (exalted rooms), whereas the variant reads it in the singular form 'al-ghurfah' (the Chamber).
Khalaf, Khallad
وَٱلَّذِينَ يَسۡعَوۡنَ فِيٓ ءَايَٰتِنَا مُعَٰجِزِينَ أُوْلَـٰٓئِكَ فِي ٱلۡعَذَابِ مُحۡضَرُونَ
Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
مُعَٰجِزِينَ
to obstruct (them)
مُعَجِّزِينَ
attempting to thwart (God)
The Hafs reading uses the Form III active participle مُعَٰجِزِينَ (mu'ājizīn), meaning 'to obstruct' or 'strive to thwart'. The variant reads it as a Form II active participle مُعَجِّزِينَ (mu'ajjizīn), meaning 'attempting to thwart' or 'attributing weakness'. Since the 'Uthmani skeletal text (rasm) is identical (معجزين), the difference is based on vowels, the dagger alif, and the shaddah, shifting the grammatical form and semantic nuance.
Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Qunbul, Susi
Diacritical Difference (dots) - Change of Person
يَحۡشُرُهُمۡ ... يَقُولُ
He gathers ... He will say
نَحْشُرُهُمْ ... نَقُولُ
We herd ... says
The 3rd person singular verbs starting with the prefix 'ya-' (He) change to the 1st person plural prefix 'na-' (We), altering the perspective from 'He' to 'We'.
Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Qalun, Qunbul, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh
قُلۡ جَآءَ ٱلۡحَقُّ وَمَا يُبۡدِئُ ٱلۡبَٰطِلُ وَمَا يُعِيدُ
Say: ‘The truth has come! Falsehood (can) neither bring (anything) about, nor restore (it).’
وَقَالُوٓاْ ءَامَنَّا بِهِۦ وَأَنَّىٰ لَهُمُ ٱلتَّنَاوُشُ مِن مَّكَانِۭ بَعِيدٖ
and say, ‘We believe in it (now).’ Yet how will they reach (it) from a place far away,