Lost Verses 1. Al-Fatihah 2. Al-Baqarah 3. Ali 'Imran 4. An-Nisa 5. Al-Ma'idah 6. Al-An'am 7. Al-A'raf 8. Al-Anfal 9. At-Tawbah 10. Yunus 11. Hud 12. Yusuf 13. Ar-Ra'd 14. Ibrahim 15. Al-Hijr 16. An-Nahl 17. Al-Isra 18. Al-Kahf 19. Maryam 20. Taha 21. Al-Anbya 22. Al-Hajj 23. Al-Mu'minun 24. An-Nur 25. Al-Furqan 26. Ash-Shu'ara 27. An-Naml 28. Al-Qasas 29. Al-'Ankabut 30. Ar-Rum 31. Luqman 32. As-Sajdah 33. Al-Ahzab 34. Saba 35. Fatir 36. Ya-Sin 37. As-Saffat 38. Sad 39. Az-Zumar 40. Ghafir 41. Fussilat 42. Ash-Shuraa 43. Az-Zukhruf 44. Ad-Dukhan 45. Al-Jathiyah 46. Al-Ahqaf 47. Muhammad 48. Al-Fath 49. Al-Hujurat 50. Qaf 51. Adh-Dhariyat 52. At-Tur 53. An-Najm 54. Al-Qamar 55. Ar-Rahman 56. Al-Waqi'ah 57. Al-Hadid 58. Al-Mujadila 59. Al-Hashr 60. Al-Mumtahanah 61. As-Saf 62. Al-Jumu'ah 63. Al-Munafiqun 64. At-Taghabun 65. At-Talaq 66. At-Tahrim 67. Al-Mulk 68. Al-Qalam 69. Al-Haqqah 70. Al-Ma'arij 71. Nuh 72. Al-Jinn 73. Al-Muzzammil 74. Al-Muddaththir 75. Al-Qiyamah 76. Al-Insan 77. Al-Mursalat 78. An-Naba 79. An-Nazi'at 80. 'Abasa 81. At-Takwir 82. Al-Infitar 83. Al-Mutaffifin 84. Al-Inshiqaq 85. Al-Buruj 86. At-Tariq 87. Al-A'la 88. Al-Ghashiyah 89. Al-Fajr 90. Al-Balad 91. Ash-Shams 92. Al-Layl 93. Ad-Duhaa 94. Ash-Sharh 95. At-Tin 96. Al-'Alaq 97. Al-Qadr 98. Al-Bayyinah 99. Az-Zalzalah 100. Al-'Adiyat 101. Al-Qari'ah 102. At-Takathur 103. Al-'Asr 104. Al-Humazah 105. Al-Fil 106. Quraysh 107. Al-Ma'un 108. Al-Kawthar 109. Al-Kafirun 110. An-Nasr 111. Al-Masad 112. Al-Ikhlas 113. Al-Falaq 114. An-Nas Abrogated Verses

إِنَّا زَيَّنَّا ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلدُّنۡيَا بِزِينَةٍ ٱلۡكَوَاكِبِ

Surely We have made the sky of this world appear enticing by means of the splendor of the stars,

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
Vowel Difference (harakat) Grammatical Case Change
Original (Hafs)

بِزِينَةٍ ٱلۡكَوَاكِبِ

splendor of the stars

Variant Reading

بِزِينَةِ ٱلۡكَوَاكِبِ

adorning the planets

Hafs reads 'zīnah' with tanween (nunation), making 'the stars' an apposition (badal). The variant reads it without tanween as a construct state (idafah), treating 'zīnah' as a verbal noun meaning 'adorning' with 'the planets' as its object.

Read by:

Shu'bah

Vowel Difference (harakat) Grammatical Case Change
Original (Hafs)

بِزِينَةٍ

splendor

Variant Reading

بِزِينَةِ

adornment

Hafs reads 'bizīnatin' with tanween, treating the following noun as an apposition (badal). The variant reads 'bizīnati' with a single kasrah, forming a direct genitive construct (idafah) meaning 'adornment of'.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Idris, Ishaq, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi, Warsh

Historical Error
The Quran incorrectly claims that stars are located in the 'lowest heaven' to adorn it and serve as missiles against demons. Modern astrophysics confirms stars are massive distant suns, not objects in Earth's immediate atmosphere or lowest sky.

وَحِفۡظٗا مِّن كُلِّ شَيۡطَٰنٖ مَّارِدٖ

and (We have made them) a (means of) protection from every rebelling satan.

Historical Error
This verse claims celestial bodies are a 'protection' against rebellious satans. Islamic tradition understands this as stars and meteors being thrown as physical missiles at demons (Shihab), which is a pre-scientific mythological explanation for space debris burning up in the Earth's atmosphere.

لَّا يَسَّمَّعُونَ إِلَى ٱلۡمَلَإِ ٱلۡأَعۡلَىٰ وَيُقۡذَفُونَ مِن كُلِّ جَانِبٖ

They do not listen to the exalted Assembly,

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

يَسَّمَّعُونَ

listen

Variant Reading

يَسْمَعُونَ

hear

The Hafs reading uses an assimilated Form V verb indicating intentional effort ('listen'), while the variant uses a Form I verb indicating general perception ('hear').

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
The narrative of demons attempting to eavesdrop on the heavenly court and being chased away is borrowed from pre-existing Jewish mythology and Zoroastrian meteorology. It reflects 7th-century Near Eastern folklore rather than divine revelation.

دُحُورٗاۖ وَلَهُمۡ عَذَابٞ وَاصِبٌ

but they are pelted from every side, driven off – for them (there is) punishment forever –

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
The depiction of demons being pelted and driven off from every side after eavesdropping is rooted in ancient Middle Eastern folklore and Jewish apocalyptic traditions, which the Quran recycles as literal cosmological events.

إِلَّا مَنۡ خَطِفَ ٱلۡخَطۡفَةَ فَأَتۡبَعَهُۥ شِهَابٞ ثَاقِبٞ

except for the one who snatches a word, and then a piercing flame pursues him.

Historical Error
The 'piercing flame' (shihab) pursuing demons is an ancient mythological explanation for meteors (shooting stars). Scientifically, meteors are simply fragments of rock or iron burning up due to friction in the Earth's atmosphere, not targeted divine missiles chasing spirits.
11

فَٱسۡتَفۡتِهِمۡ أَهُمۡ أَشَدُّ خَلۡقًا أَم مَّنۡ خَلَقۡنَآۚ إِنَّا خَلَقۡنَٰهُم مِّن طِينٖ لَّازِبِۭ

So ask them for a pronouncement: ‘Are they a stronger creation, or those (others) whom We have created?’ Surely We created them from sticky clay.

Historical Error
The assertion that humanity was originally created from 'sticky clay' reflects ancient Near Eastern mythological motifs (such as those found in Sumerian and Babylonian epics). This contradicts the modern scientific consensus of human evolutionary biology and genetics.
12

بَلۡ عَجِبۡتَ وَيَسۡخَرُونَ

But you are amazed when they ridicule,

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change of Person
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change of Person
Original (Hafs)

عَجِبۡتَ

you are amazed

Variant Reading

عَجِبۡتُ

I gravely noted

The vowel on the letter Ta changes from a fatha to a damma, shifting the subject from second-person singular (you) to first-person singular (I).

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad

Competing Codex
Abdullah bin Masud Read as Abdullah bin Masud

Sahih al-Bukhari 4692

بَلْ عَجِبْتَ وَيَسْخَرُونَ

Bal 'ajibta wa yaskharun (Nay, you marveled and they mock)

Hadith Context:

حَدَّثَنِي أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا بِشْرُ بْنُ عُمَرَ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ، عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ هَيْتَ لَكَ قَالَ وَإِنَّمَا نَقْرَؤُهَا كَمَا عُلِّمْنَاهَا ‏{‏مَثْوَاهُ‏}‏ مُقَامُهُ ‏{‏أَلْفَيَا‏}‏ وَجَدَا ‏{‏أَلْفَوْا آبَاءَهُمْ‏}‏ ‏{‏أَلْفَيْنَا‏}‏ وَعَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ‏{‏بَلْ عَجِبْتَ وَيَسْخَرُونَ‏}‏

Narrated Abu Wail: `Abdullah bin Mas`ud recited "Haita laka (Come you)," and added, "We recite it as we were taught it[omitted from the english translation: {mathwahu} means his staying place, {alfaya} means they both found, and instead of {alfaw aba'ahum} (they found their fathers) we recite {alfayna} (we found). And from Ibn Mas'ud: {bal 'ajibta wa yaskharun} (Nay, you marveled and they mock).]

16

أَءِذَا مِتۡنَا وَكُنَّا تُرَابٗا وَعِظَٰمًا أَءِنَّا لَمَبۡعُوثُونَ

When we are dead, and turned to dust and bones, shall we indeed be raised up?

Graphical/Basic Letter Difference - Addition / Omission of Word | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Graphical/Basic Letter Difference Addition / Omission of Word
Original (Hafs)

أَءِنَّا

shall we indeed

Variant Reading

اِنَّا

we will really

The variant omits the interrogative hamza (question particle), changing the phrase from a repeated question to an emphatic declarative statement within the overall interrogative sentence.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Rawh, Ruways, Warsh

Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

مِتۡنَا

are dead

Variant Reading

مُتۡنَا

have died

The vowel change on the meem from kasra (mitna) to damma (mutna) subtly shifts the morphological nuance from a state of being dead to the perfect action of having died.

Read by:

Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan

17

أَوَءَابَآؤُنَا ٱلۡأَوَّلُونَ

And our fathers of old (too)?’

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

أَوَ

And

Variant Reading

أَوْ

Or

The change from a fatha to a sukoon on the letter waw changes the meaning from 'awa' (interrogative 'a' + 'wa' meaning 'and') to 'aw' (meaning 'or').

Read by:

Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun

40

إِلَّا عِبَادَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

– Except for the devoted servants of God.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Vowel Difference (harakat) Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Original (Hafs)

ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

devoted

Variant Reading

ٱلۡمُخۡلِصِينَ

sincere

The vowel on the letter lam changes from a fatha (passive participle, meaning 'chosen' or 'devoted') to a kasra (active participle, meaning 'sincere' or 'purifying').

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi

47

لَا فِيهَا غَوۡلٞ وَلَا هُمۡ عَنۡهَا يُنزَفُونَ

(there is) no ill effect in it, nor do they become drunk from it.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Vowel Difference (harakat) Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Original (Hafs)

يُنزَفُونَ

become drunk

Variant Reading

يُنزِفُونَ

drain (themselves)

The verb changes from passive in Hafs (yunzafūn) to active in the variant (yunzifūn) due to a change in the vowel on the letter Zay.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad

48

وَعِندَهُمۡ قَٰصِرَٰتُ ٱلطَّرۡفِ عِينٞ

With them (there will be maidens) restraining (their) glances, wide-eyed,

Devalues Women
By describing the heavenly reward for men as "maidens restraining their glances, wide-eyed," this verse reduces women to eternal, objectified sexual commodities. The Tafsir confirms these are "chaste females" designed solely to serve their husbands and not look at anyone else, institutionalizing a deeply entrenched gender inequality even in Paradise.
49

كَأَنَّهُنَّ بَيۡضٞ مَّكۡنُونٞ

as if they were hidden eggs.

Devalues Women
Comparing these heavenly maidens to "hidden eggs" further objectifies women as pristine possessions, which the Tafsir explains as being "protected, never touched by any hands." This depicts women not as equal heirs of salvation, but as physical rewards whose value is explicitly tied to their untouched purity for the sexual gratification of men.
53

أَءِذَا مِتۡنَا وَكُنَّا تُرَابٗا وَعِظَٰمًا أَءِنَّا لَمَدِينُونَ

When we are dead, and turned to dust and bones, shall we indeed be judged?”’

Extra Word - Addition / Omission of Word | Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Extra Word Addition / Omission of Word
Original (Hafs)

أَءِنَّا

shall we indeed

Variant Reading

اِنَّا

we will really

Hafs includes the interrogative hamzah (particle of questioning), making it a question. The Variant omits it, rendering the phrase as an affirmative statement.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Qalun, Rawh, Ruways, Warsh

Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

مِتۡنَا

are dead

Variant Reading

مُتۡنَا

have died

The vowel on the meem changes from kasrah in Hafs (translated as the state of being dead) to dammah in the variant (translated as the action of having died).

Read by:

Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan

74

إِلَّا عِبَادَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

– except for the devoted servants of God.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Vowel Difference (harakat) Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Original (Hafs)

ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

the devoted

Variant Reading

ٱلۡمُخۡلِصِينَ

sincere

The Hafs reading uses a fatha on the lam, making it a passive participle ('the chosen/purified'). The variant uses a kasra on the lam, making it an active participle ('the sincere').

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi

91

فَرَاغَ إِلَىٰٓ ءَالِهَتِهِمۡ فَقَالَ أَلَا تَأۡكُلُونَ

But he turned to their gods, and said, ‘Do you not eat?

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
This verse reflects a story from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13), where Abraham is left alone with his father's idols, mocks their inability to eat an offering, and subsequently destroys them. The Quran presents this extra-biblical Rabbinic parable as a literal historical event.
92

مَا لَكُمۡ لَا تَنطِقُونَ

What is (the matter) with you (that) you do not speak?’

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
This verse reflects a story from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13), where Abraham is left alone with his father's idols, mocks their inability to eat an offering, and subsequently destroys them. The Quran presents this extra-biblical Rabbinic parable as a literal historical event.
93

فَرَاغَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ ضَرۡبَۢا بِٱلۡيَمِينِ

So he turned on them, striking (them) with the right (hand).

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
This verse reflects a story from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13), where Abraham is left alone with his father's idols, mocks their inability to eat an offering, and subsequently destroys them. The Quran presents this extra-biblical Rabbinic parable as a literal historical event.
94

فَأَقۡبَلُوٓاْ إِلَيۡهِ يَزِفُّونَ

Then they came running to him.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

يَزِفُّونَ

running

Variant Reading

يُزِفُّونَ

urging (each other) to dash

The prefix vowel changes from a fatha in Hafs (yaziffūn, Form I, meaning 'running') to a damma in the variant (yuziffūn, Form IV), shifting the meaning to 'causing to run' or 'urging to dash'.

Read by:

Khalaf, Khallad

95

قَالَ أَتَعۡبُدُونَ مَا تَنۡحِتُونَ

He said, ‘Do you serve what you carve,

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
This verse reflects a story from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13), where Abraham is left alone with his father's idols, mocks their inability to eat an offering, and subsequently destroys them. The Quran presents this extra-biblical Rabbinic parable as a literal historical event.
97

قَالُواْ ٱبۡنُواْ لَهُۥ بُنۡيَٰنٗا فَأَلۡقُوهُ فِي ٱلۡجَحِيمِ

They said, ‘Build a building for him, and cast him into the blazing (Fire)!’

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
The narrative of Abraham being cast into a fiery furnace originates from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13). This rabbinic legend was born from a mistranslation of the biblical city "Ur of the Chaldeans" (Genesis 15:7), as "Ur" means "fire" in Hebrew. The Quran erroneously incorporates this linguistic misunderstanding and folklore as a literal historical event.
98

فَأَرَادُواْ بِهِۦ كَيۡدٗا فَجَعَلۡنَٰهُمُ ٱلۡأَسۡفَلِينَ

They intended a plot against him, but We brought them down.

Borrowed Mythology & Plagiarism
This verse concludes the narrative of Abraham being saved from the fiery furnace, a story which originates from the Jewish Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 38:13). The rabbinic legend was born from a mistranslation of the biblical city "Ur of the Chaldeans" (Genesis 15:7), as "Ur" means "fire" in Hebrew. The Quran incorporates this linguistic misunderstanding and folklore as literal history.
102

فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مَعَهُ ٱلسَّعۡيَ قَالَ يَٰبُنَيَّ إِنِّيٓ أَرَىٰ فِي ٱلۡمَنَامِ أَنِّيٓ أَذۡبَحُكَ فَٱنظُرۡ مَاذَا تَرَىٰۚ قَالَ يَـٰٓأَبَتِ ٱفۡعَلۡ مَا تُؤۡمَرُۖ سَتَجِدُنِيٓ إِن شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰبِرِينَ

When he had reached the (age of) running with him, he said, ‘My son! Surely I saw in a dream that I am going to sacrifice you. So look, what do you think?’ He said, ‘My father! Do what you are commanded. You will find me, if God pleases, one of the patient.’

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

تَرَىٰ

do you think

Variant Reading

تُرِي

would you show

The change in vowels shifts the verb from Form I 'tarā' (to see/think) to Form IV 'turī' (to show/point out), slightly altering the semantic focus of the question.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
103

فَلَمَّآ أَسۡلَمَا وَتَلَّهُۥ لِلۡجَبِينِ

When they both had submitted, and he had laid him face down,

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
104

وَنَٰدَيۡنَٰهُ أَن يَـٰٓإِبۡرَٰهِيمُ

We called out to him, ‘Abraham!

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
105

قَدۡ صَدَّقۡتَ ٱلرُّءۡيَآۚ إِنَّا كَذَٰلِكَ نَجۡزِي ٱلۡمُحۡسِنِينَ

Now you have confirmed the vision. Surely in this way We repay the doers of good.

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
106

إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَهُوَ ٱلۡبَلَـٰٓؤُاْ ٱلۡمُبِينُ

Surely this – it indeed was the clear test.’

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
107

وَفَدَيۡنَٰهُ بِذِبۡحٍ عَظِيمٖ

And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice,

Contradicts the Bible
This verse contradicts the biblical account in Genesis 22. In the Bible, God explicitly commands Abraham to sacrifice his named son, Isaac. In contrast, the Quran depicts Abraham acting on a dream and seeking his son's counsel ('what do you think?'), while Islamic tradition (as noted in the Tafsir) typically identifies the son as Ishmael to elevate Arab lineage.
112

وَبَشَّرۡنَٰهُ بِإِسۡحَٰقَ نَبِيّٗا مِّنَ ٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ

And We gave him the good news of Isaac, a prophet, one of the righteous.

Contradicts the Bible
By placing the glad tidings of Isaac's birth sequentially after the narrative of the near-sacrifice, the Quran implies that the previously mentioned sacrificed son was Ishmael, as confirmed by Islamic Tafsir. This contradicts Genesis 22:2, which explicitly identifies Isaac as the son Abraham was commanded to sacrifice.
113

وَبَٰرَكۡنَا عَلَيۡهِ وَعَلَىٰٓ إِسۡحَٰقَۚ وَمِن ذُرِّيَّتِهِمَا مُحۡسِنٞ وَظَالِمٞ لِّنَفۡسِهِۦ مُبِينٞ

We blessed him and Isaac, and some of their descendants are doers of good, and some clearly do themselves evil.

Contradicts the Bible
While the verse simply mentions the blessing of Isaac, Islamic tradition and its accompanying Tafsir use this passage to argue that Ishmael, not Isaac, was the son Abraham was commanded to sacrifice. The Tafsir explicitly accuses the Jews of corrupting Genesis 22 out of jealousy to replace Ishmael with Isaac, fundamentally denying the documented biblical history of God's covenantal promise through Isaac alone.
125

أَتَدۡعُونَ بَعۡلٗا وَتَذَرُونَ أَحۡسَنَ ٱلۡخَٰلِقِينَ

Do you call on Baal, and abandon the best of creators

Theological Defect
The phrase 'the best of creators' (ahsan al-khaliqin) inherently implies the existence of other creators alongside God. Although Islamic exegesis often attempts to interpret this as a comparison to human craftsmen, comparing God's unique, ex nihilo creation to mere human shaping creates a theological defect that undermines His absolute, unparalleled role as the sole Creator of the universe (Isaiah 44:24).
126

ٱللَّهَ رَبَّكُمۡ وَرَبَّ ءَابَآئِكُمُ ٱلۡأَوَّلِينَ

God – your Lord and the Lord of your fathers of old?’

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Grammatical Case Change
Vowel Difference (harakat) Grammatical Case Change
Original (Hafs)

ٱللَّهَ رَبَّكُمۡ وَرَبَّ

God – your Lord and the Lord

Variant Reading

ٱللَّهُ رَبُّكُمۡ وَرَبُّ

Allah is your Lord and the Lord

Hafs reads the words in the accusative case (mansub) as an apposition to the preceding verse, while the variant reads them in the nominative case (marfu') forming a new independent declarative sentence.

Read by:

Abu Al-Harith, Duri Al-Kisa'i, Hafs, Idris, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad, Rawh, Ruways

128

إِلَّا عِبَادَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

– except for the devoted servants of God.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Vowel Difference (harakat) Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Original (Hafs)

ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

devoted

Variant Reading

ٱلۡمُخۡلِصِينَ

sincere

The Hafs reading uses the passive participle with a fatha on the lam (al-mukhlaṣīn), meaning 'those who are purified or devoted'. The variant uses the active participle with a kasra on the lam (al-mukhliṣīn), meaning 'those who are sincere'.

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi

130

سَلَٰمٌ عَلَىٰٓ إِلۡ يَاسِينَ

‘Peace (be) upon Elijah!’

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Different Word entirely
Vowel Difference (harakat) Different Word entirely
Original (Hafs)

إِلۡ يَاسِينَ

Elijah

Variant Reading

ءَالِ يَاسِينَ

Elijah’s folk

Hafs reads the text as a single proper noun 'Il Yasin' (Elijah) with a kasra on the hamza and sukoon on the lam. The variant reads it as two separate words, 'Aal Yasin' (the family/folk of Yasin), by placing a long vowel (madd) on the hamza and a kasra on the lam.

Read by:

Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Qalun, Rawh, Ruways, Warsh

144

لَلَبِثَ فِي بَطۡنِهِۦٓ إِلَىٰ يَوۡمِ يُبۡعَثُونَ

he would indeed have remained in its belly until the Day when they are raised up.

Theological Defect
The verse claims that if Jonah had not been one who glorified God prior to his ordeal, he would have remained in the fish's belly until the Day of Resurrection. This promotes a works-based transactional deliverance that contradicts the biblical narrative of God's unmerited grace toward a rebellious prophet, while also positing the absurd eschatological scenario of Jonah remaining preserved in a sea creature until the end of time.
152

وَلَدَ ٱللَّهُ وَإِنَّهُمۡ لَكَٰذِبُونَ

‘God has begotten’? Surely they are liars indeed!

Contradicts the Bible
By categorically condemning the claim that 'God has begotten' as a fabricated lie, this verse fundamentally rejects the core Christian doctrine of the Incarnation. Even though its immediate context targets pagan Arab beliefs about angels being God's daughters, its sweeping theological denial directly attacks the biblical revelation of Jesus Christ as the uniquely begotten Son of God (John 3:16, Psalm 2:7).
155

أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ

Will you not take heed?

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Vowel Difference (harakat) Change Meaning (general semantic shift)
Original (Hafs)

تَذَكَّرُونَ

take heed

Variant Reading

تَذَّكَّرُونَ

constantly remember

The variant adds a shadda (tashdeed) to the letter dhal, indicating the assimilation of an original 'ta' prefix (from tatadhakkarūna). This morphological intensification shifts the meaning from simply taking heed to an intensified, continuous act of remembering.

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Ibn Jummaz, Ibn Wardan, Qalun, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Shu'bah, Susi, Warsh

160

إِلَّا عِبَادَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

except for the devoted servants of God.

Vowel Difference (harakat) - Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Vowel Difference (harakat) Active to Passive / Passive to Active
Original (Hafs)

ٱلۡمُخۡلَصِينَ

devoted

Variant Reading

ٱلۡمُخۡلِصِينَ

sincere

The vowel on the letter lām changes from a fatḥah in Hafs to a kasrah in the variant. This shifts the grammatical form from a passive participle (al-mukhlaṣīn: those chosen or purified) to an active participle (al-mukhliṣīn: those who are sincere and purify their faith).

Read by:

Bazzi, Duri Abu 'Amr, Hisham, Ibn Dhakwan, Qunbul, Rawh, Ruways, Susi

162

مَآ أَنتُمۡ عَلَيۡهِ بِفَٰتِنِينَ

you will not tempt (anyone to rebellion) against Him,

Theological Defect
The accompanying Tafsir interprets this passage through a lens of rigid fatalism, asserting that idolaters can only mislead those whom Allah has already 'predestined to burn in Hell' and who 'are created for Hell.' This portrays God as the active author of sin who intentionally creates and predestines individuals for damnation, directly contradicting the biblical view of a loving God who desires all to come to repentance.
163

إِلَّا مَنۡ هُوَ صَالِ ٱلۡجَحِيمِ

except for the one who is (destined) to burn in the Furnace.

Theological Defect
This verse and its Tafsir demonstrate Islamic fatalism by asserting that certain individuals are explicitly 'predestined to burn in Hell' and cannot be led astray unless God has already decreed their damnation. This portrays God not as a loving Creator who desires salvation for all, but as an arbitrary author of sin who actively creates individuals solely for eternal torment.