Surah 4

Surah 4:0

Manuscripts (3)
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Muṣḥaf of Najaf Ashraf (Codex 1 of Imām ʿAlī Library), in kūfī B.II, D.IV, and post-classical kūfī script, showing Surah 4:0 from Mid 7th to Mid 9th Century AD found in Unknown, currently housed at Imām ʿAlī Library (المكتبة الروضة الحيدرية), Najaf, Iraq

Muṣḥaf of Najaf Ashraf (Codex 1 of Imām ʿAlī Library)

1 of 3codex_02276
DateAD 850 (Mid 7th to Mid 9th Century AD)
Script Stylekūfī B.II, D.IV, and post-classical kūfī
Current LocationImām ʿAlī Library (المكتبة الروضة الحيدرية), Najaf, Iraq
Found LocationUnknown
Quranic RangeQ 1-Q 26:200, Q 27:10-Q 108:1, Q 111-Q 114:6
Context & Details

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

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Samarkand Kufic Quran, in kūfī C.I script, showing Surah 4:0 from 8th Century AD found in Khoja Ahrar madrassa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, currently housed at Center for Islamic Civilization, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Samarkand Kufic Quran

2 of 3codex_00141
Variants & TyposThe manuscript contains dozens of textual variants in its consonantal skeleton (rasm). These orthographic deviations primarily consist of isolated single-letter variations, including additions, omissions, and substitutions of letters such as Alif, Sin, Waw, and Mim.
DateAD 800 (8th Century AD)
Script Stylekūfī C.I
Current LocationCenter for Islamic Civilization, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Found LocationKhoja Ahrar madrassa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Quranic RangeQ 2:7-43:11 (incomplete)
Context & Details

This monumental manuscript is one of the oldest surviving Qurans, traditionally believed to be the personal copy of Caliph Uthman stained with his blood. After being taken by Russian imperial forces in 1868 to Saint Petersburg, it was repatriated to Tashkent in 1923.

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Qatar National Library HC.MS.03150, in Large Maġribī mabsūṭ script, showing Surah 4:0 from First half of the 14th Century AD found in Northwest Africa (Maghreb) or al-Andalus, currently housed at Qatar National Library, Doha

Qatar National Library HC.MS.03150

3 of 3codex_01414
DateAD 1350 (First half of the 14th Century AD)
Script StyleLarge Maġribī mabsūṭ
Current LocationQatar National Library, Doha
Found LocationNorthwest Africa (Maghreb) or al-Andalus
Quranic RangeQ 73:16-73:20
Context & Details

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.

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