This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This manuscript is notable for its transitional script bridging late ḥiǧāzī and early Kūfī (B.Ia) styles. Scholars suggest it may be a sister leaf to the Sana'a DAM 00-28.1 manuscript due to striking similarities in script, dimensions, and verse markers. Its tenth verse separators consist of a small ring in red ink surrounded by two concentric circles of brown and red dots.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This 12-folio parchment fragment features partial vocalization using red dots and oblique strokes for diacritics. It includes verse dividers marked by three oblique strokes and groups of ten verses indicated by circles.

This 12-folio parchment fragment features partial vocalization using red dots and oblique strokes for diacritics. It includes verse dividers marked by three oblique strokes and groups of ten verses indicated by circles.

This codex is known primarily through photographs in the Gotthelf Bergsträßer archive, taken in the early 1930s. Although the original manuscript is no longer identifiable in the current museum catalogue, these rare photographs survived World War II and provide a crucial record of this early text.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

This manuscript is part of the Wetzstein collection, acquired by Prussian consul Johann Gottfried Wetzstein in Damascus during the mid-19th century. Its script is large, strong, and characterized by rounded, filled letter heads.

This manuscript is part of the Wetzstein collection, acquired by Prussian consul Johann Gottfried Wetzstein in Damascus during the mid-19th century. Its script is large, strong, and characterized by rounded, filled letter heads.

This manuscript is part of the Wetzstein collection, acquired by Prussian consul Johann Gottfried Wetzstein in Damascus during the mid-19th century. Its script is large, strong, and characterized by rounded, filled letter heads.

This manuscript is part of the Wetzstein collection, acquired by Prussian consul Johann Gottfried Wetzstein in Damascus during the mid-19th century. Its script is large, strong, and characterized by rounded, filled letter heads.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This early manuscript features distinctive verse markers, including five-verse dividers and a red circle crossed by a black stroke for ten- and twenty-verse divisions. It was originally discovered in Fustat (Old Cairo) and is now preserved in the Vatican Library.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This manuscript features a forged colophon claiming it was copied in 798 AD by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. An old legend also suggested it was a diplomatic gift sent to Charlemagne, though scholars have proven both the attribution and the legend to be false.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

Documented in Bernhard Moritz's seminal 1905 work 'Arabic Palaeography', this manuscript is known only through two surviving images, with its physical dimensions and total leaf count remaining a mystery. It serves as an important surviving example of early Kufic script from the Abbasid era.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein, the Prussian consul in Damascus from 1848 to 1862. It is notable for its extensive use of early diacritical marks, including red dots for vocalization and green dots often associated with the letter 'ha'.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein, the Prussian consul in Damascus from 1848 to 1862. It is notable for its extensive use of early diacritical marks, including red dots for vocalization and green dots often associated with the letter 'ha'.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein, the Prussian consul in Damascus from 1848 to 1862. It is notable for its extensive use of early diacritical marks, including red dots for vocalization and green dots often associated with the letter 'ha'.

Written on parchment in brown ink, this fragment consists of 24 folios with 9 to 11 lines per page. It features partial vocalization using red dots, and uses golden markers to indicate groups of five and ten verses.

Written on parchment in brown ink, this fragment consists of 24 folios with 9 to 11 lines per page. It features partial vocalization using red dots, and uses golden markers to indicate groups of five and ten verses.

The manuscript uses decorative medallions and bands to mark every ten verses, rather than separating individual verses. A marginal note in cursive script reveals it was once owned by Aḥmad Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Huwaydī, with later readers adding pious notes in the margins.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This fragmented manuscript, held at the BnF and known as Arabe 349 (d), was discovered in al-Fustat, the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule. It is notable for its intricate verse dividers featuring rosettes and medallions, and utilizes a sparse system of oblique strokes for diacritics and green dots for hamzas.

This fragmented manuscript, held at the BnF and known as Arabe 349 (d), was discovered in al-Fustat, the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule. It is notable for its intricate verse dividers featuring rosettes and medallions, and utilizes a sparse system of oblique strokes for diacritics and green dots for hamzas.

This early Quranic manuscript, held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, features elegant golden Kufic hāʾ letters marking groups of five verses and detailed medallions for groups of ten. It is an important example of early Kufic script (D.I) discovered in Fustat, reflecting the artistic developments in Quranic production of its era.

This early Quranic manuscript, held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, features elegant golden Kufic hāʾ letters marking groups of five verses and detailed medallions for groups of ten. It is an important example of early Kufic script (D.I) discovered in Fustat, reflecting the artistic developments in Quranic production of its era.

This early Quranic manuscript, held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, features elegant golden Kufic hāʾ letters marking groups of five verses and detailed medallions for groups of ten. It is an important example of early Kufic script (D.I) discovered in Fustat, reflecting the artistic developments in Quranic production of its era.

This parchment fragment is an excellent example of early Abbasid Kufic script, featuring a dense writing surface of 16 lines per page. It notably preserves early vocalization methods using red dots and follows a specific flesh-and-hair sequence (FHFHHFHF) in its physical construction.

This manuscript fragment, consisting of seven parchment folios, features nearly complete diacritics using points and oblique strokes, and red dots for vocalization. Notably, individual verses are not separated; instead, groups of five verses are marked by yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters, and groups of ten by yellow circles.

This manuscript fragment, consisting of seven parchment folios, features nearly complete diacritics using points and oblique strokes, and red dots for vocalization. Notably, individual verses are not separated; instead, groups of five verses are marked by yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters, and groups of ten by yellow circles.

This codex is largely complete, containing the entire Quran, though the first folio and a few other leaves were supplied by a later hand. Written on parchment, the manuscript represents an important transitional stage in the evolution of the Arabic script toward the Maghrebi style. While generally well-preserved, some of the early and late folios exhibit water damage and have been repaired.

This codex utilizes distinctive golden Kufic hāʾ letters to signal groups of five verses, while surahs are preceded by their titles and verse counts in golden ink. It is part of the important early Quranic materials discovered in Fustat.

This codex utilizes distinctive golden Kufic hāʾ letters to signal groups of five verses, while surahs are preceded by their titles and verse counts in golden ink. It is part of the important early Quranic materials discovered in Fustat.

This codex utilizes distinctive golden Kufic hāʾ letters to signal groups of five verses, while surahs are preceded by their titles and verse counts in golden ink. It is part of the important early Quranic materials discovered in Fustat.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

Part of the Minassian Collection at Brown University, this leaf is written in New Style I script on paper, demonstrating the transition to paper as a writing material for Qurans in the Islamic world.

This manuscript is a single folio written on paper in a "New Style" script. It is currently held by the Wereldmuseum which operates across multiple cities in the Netherlands.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This codex is closely related to two other Andalusian manuscripts held in Istanbul, which were written in Cordoba (1143-1144 AD) and Valencia (1182-1183 AD), suggesting a similar provenance. It features distinctive Maġribī micrography for the main text and angular chrysography for the Surah headings.