Applying this verse as a blanket biological statement conflicts with modern taxonomy and microbiology. While humans and many complex vertebrates reproduce sexually, vast categorizations of life do not procreate through a male-female binary. Bacteria reproduce asexually through cellular division; viruses require host DNA (possessing no sex); fungi reproduce through complex spores with thousands of mating types; and some complex reptiles, such as the whiptail lizard, consist entirely of female populations that reproduce through parthenogenesis. Classical scholars primarily understood this verse philosophically, pointing to life's dualities (night/day, life/death) as proof of a singular Creator.