This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This almost complete codex is notable for being written by at least six different scribes in Kufic script. Originally documented in Gotthelf Bergsträßer's archives as 'Medina 1a', its folios were later repaired with paper edges, and a few missing pages were completed in Naskh script.

This monumental manuscript is one of the oldest surviving Qurans, traditionally believed to be the personal copy of Caliph Uthman stained with his blood. After being taken by Russian imperial forces in 1868 to Saint Petersburg, it was repatriated to Tashkent in 1923.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

This codex fragment was documented in Bernhard Moritz's 1905 'Arabic Palaeography' album and was reportedly discovered in the ancient Egyptian city of Bahnasa (Oxyrynchos). Scholars suggest it may originally belong to the same large codex as other early Quranic fragments currently held in the Vatican, Paris, and the Khalili Collections.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This codex is notable for its early Kufic D.III script and rich illuminations. It features golden circular vignettes for Surah headings and a highly ornate full-page decorative band with interlaced geometric patterns, leaf motifs, and red and green accents marking the beginning of the 23rd Juz'.

This codex is notable for its early Kufic D.III script and rich illuminations. It features golden circular vignettes for Surah headings and a highly ornate full-page decorative band with interlaced geometric patterns, leaf motifs, and red and green accents marking the beginning of the 23rd Juz'.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This manuscript features a forged colophon claiming it was copied in 798 AD by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. An old legend also suggested it was a diplomatic gift sent to Charlemagne, though scholars have proven both the attribution and the legend to be false.

The manuscript uses decorative medallions and bands to mark every ten verses, rather than separating individual verses. A marginal note in cursive script reveals it was once owned by Aḥmad Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Huwaydī, with later readers adding pious notes in the margins.

The manuscript is beautifully illuminated, using rosettes to separate verses, teardrop designs for groups of five verses, and medallions containing the name of the decade in full letters for groups of ten verses. At the end of Surah 27, the empty space is filled with a striking garland of plant motifs.

The manuscript is beautifully illuminated, using rosettes to separate verses, teardrop designs for groups of five verses, and medallions containing the name of the decade in full letters for groups of ten verses. At the end of Surah 27, the empty space is filled with a striking garland of plant motifs.

The manuscript is beautifully illuminated, using rosettes to separate verses, teardrop designs for groups of five verses, and medallions containing the name of the decade in full letters for groups of ten verses. At the end of Surah 27, the empty space is filled with a striking garland of plant motifs.

The manuscript is beautifully illuminated, using rosettes to separate verses, teardrop designs for groups of five verses, and medallions containing the name of the decade in full letters for groups of ten verses. At the end of Surah 27, the empty space is filled with a striking garland of plant motifs.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

BNF Arabe 351 is an early Quranic manuscript written in the Kufic D.III script with 5 lines per page. It belongs to the same original codex as several dispersed fragments, notably those from the Jean-Joseph Marcel collection currently held in Russia.

This manuscript features early developments in reading aids, utilizing partial oblique diacritical marks and red dots for vocalization. Golden rosettes and Kufic 'hāʾ' letters are used to mark divisions of verses, illustrating an evolving aesthetic in early Quranic manuscript production.

This manuscript features early developments in reading aids, utilizing partial oblique diacritical marks and red dots for vocalization. Golden rosettes and Kufic 'hāʾ' letters are used to mark divisions of verses, illustrating an evolving aesthetic in early Quranic manuscript production.

This manuscript stands out for its intricate vocalization system, utilizing red dots for vowels and green dots for hamza. Additionally, while individual verses are not separated, it distinctively employs yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to mark groups of five verses and ornamental medallions for groups of ten.

The verses in this manuscript are not separated individually; instead, gold Kufic 'hāʾ' characters mark groups of five verses, and detailed medallions spell out the tens. Additionally, Surah Yunus (Surah 10) is notably introduced with its title and verse count written in gold ink, accompanied by a lance-shaped vignette.

The verses in this manuscript are not separated individually; instead, gold Kufic 'hāʾ' characters mark groups of five verses, and detailed medallions spell out the tens. Additionally, Surah Yunus (Surah 10) is notably introduced with its title and verse count written in gold ink, accompanied by a lance-shaped vignette.

This 67-folio horizontal manuscript is a striking example of Early Abbasid (Kufic) calligraphy, featuring gold ink for chapter headings. The text is vocalized with red dots, and its green goatskin binding with gold-painted floral designs was added later in the 19th century.

This 5-folio parchment manuscript is written in the kūfī D.Va script, an Abbasid style prominent in the 9th century. It preserves a continuous sequence of verses from Surah Al-An'am and contributes to the study of early Abbasid Qur'anic orthography and paleography.

This 5-folio parchment manuscript is written in the kūfī D.Va script, an Abbasid style prominent in the 9th century. It preserves a continuous sequence of verses from Surah Al-An'am and contributes to the study of early Abbasid Qur'anic orthography and paleography.

This fragment consists of a single parchment folio containing verses from Surah Al-An'am. It is written in the kūfī D script, a highly stylized and angular script that became prominent during the early Abbasid period, reflecting the formalization of Quranic calligraphy.

Held at The Walters Art Museum, this manuscript consists of 23 folios on parchment measuring 240 x 160mm with 14 lines per page. It features an early Kufic script typical of the 9th century Islamic world.

Held at The Walters Art Museum, this manuscript consists of 23 folios on parchment measuring 240 x 160mm with 14 lines per page. It features an early Kufic script typical of the 9th century Islamic world.

This miniature Qur'an folio measures just 68 by 38 millimeters and is written in Kūfī script on parchment. It is a rare 9th-century example, believed to have originated in Egypt or Iraq.

This codex is largely complete, containing the entire Quran, though the first folio and a few other leaves were supplied by a later hand. Written on parchment, the manuscript represents an important transitional stage in the evolution of the Arabic script toward the Maghrebi style. While generally well-preserved, some of the early and late folios exhibit water damage and have been repaired.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein during his tenure as Prussian consul in Damascus (1849–1861). It is written in the 'New Style' script (also known as New Abbasid Style), which became prominent in the 10th century and marks a transition towards more vertical, proportioned scripts.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein during his tenure as Prussian consul in Damascus (1849–1861). It is written in the 'New Style' script (also known as New Abbasid Style), which became prominent in the 10th century and marks a transition towards more vertical, proportioned scripts.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This bifolium is notable for being written on paper rather than parchment, marking the technological shift in manuscript production in the Islamic world. It employs the vertical and highly stylized 'New Style' script (also known as Eastern Kufic), characterized by contrasting stroke thicknesses and angular forms.

This bifolium is notable for being written on paper rather than parchment, marking the technological shift in manuscript production in the Islamic world. It employs the vertical and highly stylized 'New Style' script (also known as Eastern Kufic), characterized by contrasting stroke thicknesses and angular forms.

This bifolium is notable for being written on paper rather than parchment, marking the technological shift in manuscript production in the Islamic world. It employs the vertical and highly stylized 'New Style' script (also known as Eastern Kufic), characterized by contrasting stroke thicknesses and angular forms.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This codex is closely related to two other Andalusian manuscripts held in Istanbul, which were written in Cordoba (1143-1144 AD) and Valencia (1182-1183 AD), suggesting a similar provenance. It features distinctive Maġribī micrography for the main text and angular chrysography for the Surah headings.

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.