This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

This codex is one of the earliest surviving Quranic manuscripts, with combined radiocarbon dating of its parchment placing its production between 605 and 651 AD. The seven folios in Berlin were once part of a larger codex that is now split, with 33 additional folios currently held in the Egyptian National Library. The Berlin leaves were acquired in 1939 from the estate of Bernhard Moritz, the former director of the Khedivial Library.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

Considered by Gotthelf Bergsträßer to be the most important representative of the ḥiǧāzī script style due to its extensive size. It features a bold hand with tall, right-leaning hastae that sets it apart from more conventional early Kufic Qurans. Two folios from this same codex are currently preserved at the Dār al-Āṯār al-Islāmiyya in Kuwait.

This codex contains a colophon attributing it to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and dating it to 40 AH (660 AD), though scholars believe this colophon was added later. It also features a waqf (endowment) deed written on the first page in 1775 AD.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

This nearly complete early Kufic Quran was photographed by Otto Pretzl during a research trip to Morocco in 1934. While the main body belonged to the private library of Sherif ʿAbdarraḥmān b. Zīdān, fragments of this codex have since been dispersed to the Royal Library in Rabat, the Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait, and sold through auction houses like Christie's.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

Carbon dating of fragments from Arabe 324 (c) places its origin between 660-780 AD. The manuscript is part of a composite codex, where Arabe 324 (c) and Gotha Ms. orient. A 462 are original leaves, while other sections such as Arabe 324 (a) and (d) were added centuries later to replace damaged or missing pages.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This manuscript features almost complete diacritical marks using oblique strokes, red dots for vocalization, and green dots for hamza. Each surah is introduced by an ornamental band containing its title and verse count in gold lettering, and verse groups are marked with gold hāʾ symbols and letter-numeral medallions.

This almost complete codex is notable for being written by at least six different scribes in Kufic script. Originally documented in Gotthelf Bergsträßer's archives as 'Medina 1a', its folios were later repaired with paper edges, and a few missing pages were completed in Naskh script.

This almost complete codex is notable for being written by at least six different scribes in Kufic script. Originally documented in Gotthelf Bergsträßer's archives as 'Medina 1a', its folios were later repaired with paper edges, and a few missing pages were completed in Naskh script.

This monumental manuscript is one of the oldest surviving Qurans, traditionally believed to be the personal copy of Caliph Uthman stained with his blood. After being taken by Russian imperial forces in 1868 to Saint Petersburg, it was repatriated to Tashkent in 1923.

This monumental manuscript is one of the oldest surviving Qurans, traditionally believed to be the personal copy of Caliph Uthman stained with his blood. After being taken by Russian imperial forces in 1868 to Saint Petersburg, it was repatriated to Tashkent in 1923.

The manuscript was previously owned by Kaikobad I, Sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (1219-1237). According to scholars, other folios of the same codex are held in the Library of Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul.

This codex fragment was documented in Bernhard Moritz's 1905 'Arabic Palaeography' album and was reportedly discovered in the ancient Egyptian city of Bahnasa (Oxyrynchos). Scholars suggest it may originally belong to the same large codex as other early Quranic fragments currently held in the Vatican, Paris, and the Khalili Collections.

This nearly complete 8th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for its extensive preservation, containing text from the very beginning of the Quran to its final Surah. Curiously, folio 134 has been reported missing from the French National Library since approximately 2000, and no microfilm image of it survives.

This manuscript is a highly prized copy traditionally ascribed to the penmanship of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph. It features modern gold and colored borders on the paper margins.

This manuscript fragment from the Ellen W. Harrison Collection belongs to the same original copy as Inv. E 16264 H. Its angular and stiff script closely resembles manuscripts in the Chicago Collection, utilizing black dots for diacritical signs, red dots for vowel marks, and three short parallel strokes as verse dividers.

This manuscript fragment from the Ellen W. Harrison Collection belongs to the same original copy as Inv. E 16264 H. Its angular and stiff script closely resembles manuscripts in the Chicago Collection, utilizing black dots for diacritical signs, red dots for vowel marks, and three short parallel strokes as verse dividers.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This near-complete Kufic Quran is bound in brown leather over wood with arabesque interlacing and iron rings. It bears the foundation seal of Sultan Osman III, and its first three leaves as well as sura headings are illuminated.

This nearly complete codex is an exceptional document, as complete codices in Kūfī D script style are extremely rare. The manuscript features illuminated pages for the first three and last six folios, as well as at surah beginnings.

This manuscript features a forged colophon claiming it was copied in 798 AD by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. An old legend also suggested it was a diplomatic gift sent to Charlemagne, though scholars have proven both the attribution and the legend to be false.

The manuscript uses decorative medallions and bands to mark every ten verses, rather than separating individual verses. A marginal note in cursive script reveals it was once owned by Aḥmad Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Huwaydī, with later readers adding pious notes in the margins.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This early Abbasid manuscript is part of a large cache of early Qurans originally discovered in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat (Old Cairo). Written on parchment, the text lacks diacritical dots but features early red dot vocalization marks and distinctive yellow circles that indicate groups of ten verses.

This manuscript features early developments in reading aids, utilizing partial oblique diacritical marks and red dots for vocalization. Golden rosettes and Kufic 'hāʾ' letters are used to mark divisions of verses, illustrating an evolving aesthetic in early Quranic manuscript production.

This manuscript features early developments in reading aids, utilizing partial oblique diacritical marks and red dots for vocalization. Golden rosettes and Kufic 'hāʾ' letters are used to mark divisions of verses, illustrating an evolving aesthetic in early Quranic manuscript production.

This 67-folio horizontal manuscript is a striking example of Early Abbasid (Kufic) calligraphy, featuring gold ink for chapter headings. The text is vocalized with red dots, and its green goatskin binding with gold-painted floral designs was added later in the 19th century.

This 67-folio horizontal manuscript is a striking example of Early Abbasid (Kufic) calligraphy, featuring gold ink for chapter headings. The text is vocalized with red dots, and its green goatskin binding with gold-painted floral designs was added later in the 19th century.

This early Qur'anic fragment features a horizontal format with thirteenth-line pages, typical of early examples. It is believed to have originally belonged to the same codex as folios currently held in the Qatar National Library, the Library of Congress, and the Lausanne Collection.

The manuscript features golden Kufic 'hā'' letters to indicate groups of five verses, and medallions with the decade's name written out in full in the margins to mark groups of ten. The title of Surah 42 and its verse count are written in gold ink alongside a composite vignette.

The manuscript features golden Kufic 'hā'' letters to indicate groups of five verses, and medallions with the decade's name written out in full in the margins to mark groups of ten. The title of Surah 42 and its verse count are written in gold ink alongside a composite vignette.

The manuscript features golden Kufic 'hā'' letters to indicate groups of five verses, and medallions with the decade's name written out in full in the margins to mark groups of ten. The title of Surah 42 and its verse count are written in gold ink alongside a composite vignette.

Held at The Walters Art Museum, this manuscript consists of 23 folios on parchment measuring 240 x 160mm with 14 lines per page. It features an early Kufic script typical of the 9th century Islamic world.

Held at The Walters Art Museum, this manuscript consists of 23 folios on parchment measuring 240 x 160mm with 14 lines per page. It features an early Kufic script typical of the 9th century Islamic world.

This codex is largely complete, containing the entire Quran, though the first folio and a few other leaves were supplied by a later hand. Written on parchment, the manuscript represents an important transitional stage in the evolution of the Arabic script toward the Maghrebi style. While generally well-preserved, some of the early and late folios exhibit water damage and have been repaired.

This manuscript is part of the collection acquired by Johann Gottfried Wetzstein during his tenure as Prussian consul in Damascus (1849–1861). It is written in the 'New Style' script (also known as New Abbasid Style), which became prominent in the 10th century and marks a transition towards more vertical, proportioned scripts.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This 10th-century Quranic manuscript is notable for being written on Oriental paper rather than parchment. It features complete diacritics and vocalization, with distinctive colorful verse markers including yellow Kufic 'hāʾ' letters to signal groups of five verses.

This single paper folio features 'New Style I' script, a more vertically proportioned and angular script that emerged in the eastern Islamic world. Its creation on paper rather than parchment is notable, reflecting the transition of Quranic production materials around the 10th century.

This complete Quran was produced in Baghdad by the renowned calligrapher ʿAlī b. Hilāl, also known as Ibn al-Bawwāb, around 1000-1001 AD. He is a significant figure in Islamic art, closely associated with the adoption of the round Naskh script to transcribe the Quran.

This codex is closely related to two other Andalusian manuscripts held in Istanbul, which were written in Cordoba (1143-1144 AD) and Valencia (1182-1183 AD), suggesting a similar provenance. It features distinctive Maġribī micrography for the main text and angular chrysography for the Surah headings.

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.

This codex was originally part of a lavish, multi-volume manuscript. Its rich polychrome vocalization includes yellow or orange dots for hamza, green dots for alif al-wasl, and blue symbols for sukun and tashdid. The sūra titles employ angular chrysography reminiscent of Marinid and Nasrid architectural decoration from the 14th century.